PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Permian of the Russian Platform		Ordovician of Britain			Silurian of North America			Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Tertiary †						2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean																3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																5.333
		Tortonian																7.246
		Serravallian																11.63
		Langhian																13.82
		Burdigalian																15.98
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian																23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian																27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian																33.9
		Bartonian																37.71
		Lutetian																41.2
		Ypresian																47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian																56
		Selandian																59.2
		Danian																61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Lancian/Edmontonian															66
		Campanian	Judithian/Aquilan															72.1
		Santonian																83.6
		Coniacian																86.3
		Turonian																89.8
		Cenomanian																93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian																100.5
		Aptian																113
		Barremian																121.4
		Hauterivian																125.77
		Valanginian																132.6
		Berriasian																139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian																145
		Kimmeridgian																149.2
		Oxfordian																154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
		Bathonian																165.3
		Bajocian																168.2
		Aalenian																170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																174.7
		Pliensbachian																184.2
		Sinemurian																192.9
		Hettangian																199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian																201.4
		Norian																208.5
		Carnian																227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian																237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian																242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian																247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan																251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian																251.902
		Wuchiapingian											Longtanian †					254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Tatarian	Vyatkian								Longtanian †					256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Severodvinian													259.51
		Wordian			Urzhumian													264.28
		Roadian		Kazanian	Povolzhian													266.9
		Roadian		Kazanian	Sokian													270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian		Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian													273.01
					Filipovian													276.5 *
					Saraninian													280.1 *
		Artinskian		Artinskian	Sarginian													283.5
					Irginian													285.9 *
					Burtsevian													287.8 *
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian													290.1
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Tastubian													291.7 *
		Asselian		Asselian	Shikhanian													293.52
					Uskalykian													294.8
					Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian				298.9
		Kasimovian				303.7
		Moscovian				307
		Bashkirian				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian				323.2
		Visean				330.9
		Tournaisian				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian				393.3
		Pragian				407.6
		Lochkovian				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli					Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli					Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	Lockportian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Ontarian				433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
							Alexandrian	438.7 *
			Medinan			Clinton		440.1 *
								440.7 *
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ashgill				Hirnantian		Kosovian	443.8
		Katian					Rawtheyan		Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
							Cautleyan				448.9 *
							Pusgillian				449.3 *
			Caradoc				Streffordian				Onnian †	449.6 *
							Streffordian		Berounian			449.7 *
							Cheneyan					451.5 *
							Burrellian					452.7 *
		Sandbian										453
											Actonian †	453.2 *
											Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †		454.2 *
											Longvillian †			455.2 *
														Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
							Aurelucian									456.8 *
											Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian					457.4 *
										Liben †	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian					458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Llanvirn				Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn									458.4
									Dobrotivian							458.5 *
									Oretanian							459.7 *
							Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn									461.3 *
										Sarka †						461.7 *
		Dapingian								Klabava †						467.3
									Arenigian							468
			Arenig				Fennian						468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Fennian						470
							Whitlandian						471.1 *
							Moridunian						474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Tremadoc				Migneintian		Tremadocian				477.7
			Tremadoc				Cressagian						480.8 *
													485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10											485.4
		Jiangshanian											489.5
		Paibian											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian											Series 3 †			497
		Drumian														500.5
		Wuliuan														Stage 5 †	504.5
																		509