PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Permian Subages of Germany	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Permian of North America		Cambrian Epochs
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian						Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian						Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian						Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					33.9
		Bartonian						Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan					37.71
		Lutetian											41.2
		Ypresian							Bumbanian				47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian						Gashatan					56
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Lancian/Edmontonian										66
		Campanian	Judithian/Aquilan										72.1
		Santonian											83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian											100.5
		Aptian											113
		Barremian											121.4
		Hauterivian											125.77
		Valanginian											132.6
		Berriasian											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian											145
		Kimmeridgian											149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian											165.3
		Bajocian		Epizigzagiceras									168.2
		Bajocian		Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense									168.4
		Aalenian		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni									170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta									174.7
				Planulata									179.3 *
				Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi							179.8 *
				Kanense									181.3 *
				Carlottense									182.3 *
				Kunae									183.5 *
		Pliensbachian		Kunae									184.2
				Freboldi									185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras								186.2 *
					Tetraspidoceras								189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis								190.3 *
		Sinemurian											192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras							196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites									196.5 *
		Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites									199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian											201.4
		Norian											208.5
		Carnian											227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian											237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian											242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian											247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan											251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian					Buntsandstein						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Buntsandstein						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Ohre/Aller			Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian					Leine			Wordian			264.28
		Roadian								Roadian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian								Leonardian	Cathedralian		273.01
		Kungurian									Hessian		281.9 *
		Artinskian									Hessian		283.5
		Artinskian								Wolfcampian	Lenoxian		286.1 *
		Sakmarian									Lenoxian		290.1
		Asselian									Nealian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian											298.9
		Kasimovian											303.7
		Moscovian										307
		Bashkirian										315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian										323.2
		Visean										330.9
		Tournaisian										346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian										358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian						393.3
		Pragian						407.6
		Lochkovian	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian	423
	Ludlow	Gorstian	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian	430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	433.4
		Aeronian	438.5
		Rhuddanian	440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian	445.2
		Sandbian	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Late Cambrian					485.4
		Jiangshanian						489.5
		Paibian						494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Middle Cambrian					497
		Drumian						500.5
		Wuliuan						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Early Cambrian					509
	Series 2	Stage 3						514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian						529
													538.8