PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ten Million Year Bins	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			South American Land Mammal Ages		Permian of the Russian Platform		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Cenozoic Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6								Wanganui	Haweran		0
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Lujanian						Late Pleistocene	0.0117
				Chibanian					Lujanian						Middle Pleistocene	0.129
									Ensenadan							0.3 *
														Castlecliffian		0.34
				Calabrian										Castlecliffian	Early Pleistocene	0.774
														Nukumaruan		1.63
									Sanandresian	Uquian †						1.7 *
				Gelasian												1.8
				Gelasian										Mangapanian		2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Tertiary †			Vorohuean						Late Pliocene	2.58
									Chapadmalalan							2.9 *
														Waipipian		3
				Zanclean										Waipipian	Early Pliocene	3.6
									Montehermosan					Opoitian		3.7 *
									Huayquerian					Opoitian		4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian									Taranaki	Kapitean	Late Miocene	5.333
				Messinian										Tongaporutuan		7.2
				Tortonian												7.246
									Chasicoan							7.9 *
									Mayoan							9.9 *
									Laventan							10.9 *
													Southland	Waiauan		11.04
				Serravallian	Cenozoic 5									Waiauan	Middle Miocene	11.63
														Lillburnian		13.05
									Colloncuran							13.7 *
				Langhian												13.82
														Clifdenian		15.1
									Friasian					Clifdenian		15.4 *
													Pareora	Altonian		15.9
				Burdigalian											Early Miocene	15.98
									Santacrucian							16.2 *
									Colhuehuapian							17.4 *
														Otaian		18.7
				Aquitanian												20.44
									Deseadan							20.9 *
													Landon	Waitakian		21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4									Waitakian	Late Oligocene	23.03
														Duntroonian		25.2
														Whaingaroan		27.3
				Rupelian											Early Oligocene	27.82
				Rupelian					Tinguirirican						Early Oligocene	28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3										Late Eocene	33.9
													Arnold	Runangan		34.6
									Divisaderan					Runangan		35.9 *
														Kaiatan		36.7
				Bartonian										Kaiatan	Middle Eocene	37.71
				Bartonian										Bortonian		39.1
				Lutetian	Cenozoic 2											41.2
									Mustersan							41.9 *
													Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
														Heretaungan		45.7
				Ypresian											Early Eocene	47.8
									Casamayoran							47.9 *
														Mangaorapan		48.9
														Waipawan		52
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1				Riochican					Teurian	Late Paleocene	56
									Itaboraian							56.9 *
									Peligran							58.9 *
				Selandian											Middle Paleocene	59.2
				Danian											Early Paleocene	61.6
				Danian					Tiupampan						Early Paleocene	62.4 *
Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8			Mata	Haumurian			66
			Campanian	Cretaceous 7				Haumurian			72.1
			Santonian	Cretaceous 6				Piripauan			83.6
			Santonian				Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
			Coniacian								86.3
			Turonian								89.8
								Mangaotanean			90.5
								Arowhanan			93.7
			Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5				Arowhanan			93.9
							Clarence	Ngaterian			95.2
								Motuan			99.5
		Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4				Motuan			100.5
								Urutawan			103.3
							Taitai	Korangan		108.4
			Aptian	Cretaceous 3				Korangan		113
			Aptian	Cretaceous 3						117.5
			Barremian	Cretaceous 2						121.4
			Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2						125.77
			Valanginian	Cretaceous 1						132.6
			Berriasian	Cretaceous 1						139.8
	Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6						145
			Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5						149.2
			Oxfordian							154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
			Bathonian	Jurassic 4						165.3
			Bajocian	Jurassic 4						168.2
			Aalenian	Jurassic 3						170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3						174.7
			Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2						184.2
			Sinemurian	Jurassic 1						192.9
			Hettangian	Jurassic 1						199.5
	Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4						201.4
			Norian	Triassic 4						208.5
			Carnian	Triassic 3						227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2						237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2						242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1						247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1						251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4						251.902
			Wuchiapingian							Longtanian †	254.14
			Wuchiapingian							Longtanian †	Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
		Guadalupian	Capitanian									Severodvinian	259.51
			Wordian									Urzhumian	264.28
			Roadian	Permian 3							Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
			Roadian	Permian 3							Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2							Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
												Filipovian	276.5 *
												Saraninian	280.1 *
			Artinskian								Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
												Irginian	285.9 *
												Burtsevian	287.8 *
			Sakmarian								Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
			Sakmarian								Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
			Asselian	Permian 1							Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
												Uskalykian	294.8
												Surenian	297.5
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5									298.9
			Gzhelian										Xiaodushanian	300 *
			Kasimovian										Xiaodushanian	303.7
			Kasimovian										Dalaun	305.8 *
			Moscovian	Carboniferous 4										307
			Bashkirian											315.2
													Huashibanian	318.5 *
													Lousuan	321.2 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3	Dewunian	323.2
			Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3	Shangsian	330.8 *
			Visean	Carboniferous 2	Shangsian	330.9
			Visean	Carboniferous 2	Jiusian	335 *
			Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	Tangbagouan	346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2		393.3
			Pragian	Devonian 1		407.6
			Lochkovian	Devonian 1		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2		419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
		Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1		433.4
			Aeronian			438.5
			Rhuddanian			440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5		443.8
			Katian	Ordovician 5		445.2
			Sandbian	Ordovician 4		453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2		467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2		470
			Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		477.7
			Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Mansian †	483.55 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5		Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
			Jiangshanian			Batyrbaian			489.5
						Aksaian			490.7 *
						Sakian			492.2 *
			Paibian						494
			Paibian					Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4		Series 3 †	Ayusokkanian						497
			Guzhangian				Mayan/Menevian						499.5
			Drumian				Mayan/Menevian						500.5
			Wuliuan	Cambrian 3			Stage 5 †			Amgan/Solvan			504.5
Series 2		Stage 4					509			Amgan/Solvan
							Toyonian	Lenian †		510 *
							Botomian			512.5 *
		Stage 3		Cambrian 2			Botomian			514
		Stage 3					Atdabanian			515.6 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2					Tommotian			521
		Stage 2					Nemakit-Daldynian			525.5
		Fortunian		Cambrian 1			Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †		529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran												Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian													635
		Tonian													720
		Tonian												Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian												Karatau	1000
		Stenian												Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian												Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian												Burzyan	1375
																1400