PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Permian of North America		Cambrian of West Avalonia	Devonian of France	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Carboniferous Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6										Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Chibanian														0.129
		Chibanian												Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian												Castlecliffian		0.774
		Calabrian												Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian												Nukumaruan		1.8
		Gelasian												Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Tertiary †										Mangapanian		2.58
		Piacenzian												Waipipian		3
		Zanclean												Waipipian		3.6
		Zanclean												Opoitian		3.7
	Miocene	Messinian											Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
		Messinian												Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian												Tongaporutuan		7.246
		Tortonian											Southland	Waiauan		11.04
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5											Waiauan		11.63
		Serravallian												Lillburnian		13.05
		Langhian												Lillburnian		13.82
														Clifdenian		15.1
													Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian												Altonian		15.98
		Burdigalian												Otaian		18.7
		Aquitanian												Otaian		20.44
		Aquitanian											Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4											Waitakian		23.03
														Duntroonian		25.2
														Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian														27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3													33.9
													Arnold	Runangan		34.6
														Kaiatan		36.7
		Bartonian												Kaiatan		37.71
		Bartonian												Bortonian		39.1
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2											Bortonian		41.2
													Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
														Heretaungan		45.7
		Ypresian												Heretaungan		47.8
														Mangaorapan		48.9
														Waipawan		52
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1											Teurian		56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8										Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7											Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6											Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian											Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
														Mangaotanean		90.5
														Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5											Arowhanan		93.9
													Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
														Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4											Motuan		100.5
														Urutawan		103.3
													Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3											Korangan		113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3													117.5
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2													121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2													125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1													132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1		139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6			145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5			149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4			165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4			168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3			174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2			184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1			192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4			201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4			208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1			Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1			Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian					Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	Wordian	264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3				Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	Roadian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2					Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian							Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian							Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian						Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian							Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1						Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5					Mapingian †			Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
		Kasimovian						Mapingian †				303.7
		Kasimovian										305.9
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4								Middle Pennsylvanian	307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4								Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3								Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2								Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1								Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5								Famennian		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4								Frasnian		Adorf		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3								Givetian		Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3								Couvinien		Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2										Emsian		393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1										Siegen		407.6
		Pragian									Coblencien		Siegen		408.2 *
		Lochkovian		Gedinnine							Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2										419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian											423
	Ludlow	Gorstian											425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian											427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian											430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1										433.4
		Aeronian											438.5
		Rhuddanian											440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5										443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5										445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4										453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3										458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2										467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2										470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1										477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5										485.4
		Jiangshanian											489.5
		Paibian											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4										Series 3 †	497
		Guzhangian			Arcadian									498.4
		Drumian												500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3			Stage 5 †								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3										Branchian	509
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2										Branchian	514
		Stage 3											Placentian	517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1											529
																538.8