PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	North American Land Mammal Ages	South American Land Mammal Ages		Carboniferous of China	Silurian of the Baltic	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6	Saintaugustinean									0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean									0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene			Lujanian								0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean									0.014
		Chibanian		Rancholabrean									0.129
				Irvingtonian									0.21
					Ensenadan								0.3 *
		Calabrian											0.774
				Blancan									1.4
					Sanandresian	Uquian †							1.7 *
		Gelasian			Sanandresian								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Vorohuean								2.58
		Piacenzian			Chapadmalalan								2.9 *
		Zanclean			Chapadmalalan								3.6
					Montehermosan								3.7 *
				Hemphillian	Montehermosan								4.7
					Huayquerian								4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
					Chasicoan								7.9 *
				Clarendonian	Chasicoan								9.4
					Mayoan								9.9 *
					Laventan								10.9 *
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5										11.63
				Barstovian									12.5
					Colloncuran								13.7 *
		Langhian			Colloncuran								13.82
		Langhian			Friasian								15.4 *
		Burdigalian			Friasian								15.98
					Santacrucian								16.2 *
				Hemingfordian	Santacrucian								16.3
				Hemingfordian	Colhuehuapian								17.4 *
				Arikareean									18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
		Aquitanian			Deseadan								20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4										23.03
		Rupelian											27.82
					Tinguirirican								28.9 *
				Whitneyan									29.5
				Orellan									31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3	Chadronian									33.9
				Chadronian	Divisaderan								35.9 *
				Duchesnean									37
		Bartonian		Duchesnean									37.71
		Bartonian		Uintan									39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2										41.2
					Mustersan								41.9 *
				Bridgerian									46.2
		Ypresian											47.8
					Casamayoran								47.9 *
				Wasatchian									50.5
				Clarkforkian									54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1	Clarkforkian	Riochican								56
				Tiffanian	Riochican								56.2
					Itaboraian								56.9 *
					Peligran								58.9 *
		Selandian											59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian									60.9
		Danian											61.6
					Tiupampan								62.4 *
				Puercan	Tiupampan								63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8								Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7				Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian	72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian	83.6
		Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian	86.3
		Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian	89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5				Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4				Late Albian	100.5
							Middle Albian	106.2 *
							Early Albian	109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3				Late Aptian	113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3				Early Aptian	119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2				Late Barremian/Early Barremian	121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian	125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian	132.6
		Berriasian					Late Berriasian	139.8
						Middle Berriasian	140.6 *
						Early Berriasian	142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6			Oteke	Puaroan	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6					Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5					Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
						Kawhia	Ohauan	Late Kimmeridgian		150
							Ohauan	Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
							Heterian	Early Kimmeridgian		154.5
		Oxfordian						Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian							Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Callovian					Temaikan	Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		164.3
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4					Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian						Late Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
								Late Bajocian			Humphresianum	168.4
								Early Bajocian			Humphresianum	168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3					Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Late Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
						Herangi	Ururoan				Thouarsense	176
												180.1
								Middle Toarcian				180.4 *
								Middle Toarcian		Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
								Early Toarcian		Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2					Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2				Aratauran	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		188.9
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1					Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1					Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4			Balfour	Otapirian					201.4
		Norian					Warepan	Sevatian				208.5
								Alaunian				213.2 *
								Lacian				216.7 *
							Otamitan					217
							Oretian					221
		Carnian	Triassic 3				Oretian	Tuvalian				227
						Gore	Kaihikuan	Tuvalian				227.5
								Julian				233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2					Longobardian				237
							Etalian	Longobardian				238
								Fassanian				239.7 *
		Anisian						Illyrian				242
								Pelsonian				243.8 *
								Bithynian				244.7 *
								Aegean				245.5 *
							Malakovian	Aegean				246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1					Spathian				247.2
								Smithian				248.9 *
							Nelsonian	Smithian				249
		Induan						Dienerian				251.2
								Griesbachian				251.4 *
				DUrville	Makarewan	251.5		Griesbachian
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		Makarewan		251.902
		Changhsingian			Waiitian		253.2
		Wuchiapingian			Waiitian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Puruhauan		254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Aparima	Flettian		259.51
		Wordian			Flettian		264.28
		Wordian			Barettian		266
		Roadian	Permian 3				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2				273.01
		Kungurian			Mangapirian		276
		Artinskian			Mangapirian		283.5
					Telfordian		285
							288.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				298.9
		Gzhelian					Xiaodushanian	300 *
		Kasimovian					Xiaodushanian	303.7
		Kasimovian					Dalaun	305.8 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					307
		Bashkirian						315.2
							Huashibanian	318.5 *
							Lousuan	321.2 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				Dewunian	323.2
		Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				Shangsian	330.8 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				Shangsian	330.9
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				Jiusian	335 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				Tangbagouan	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					Late Famennian	358.9
								Middle Famennian	365.3 *
								Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4					Late Frasnian	372.2
								Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
								Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3					Late Givetian	382.7
								Middle Givetian	383.7 *
								Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian						Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian						Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2					Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1					Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian						Late Lochkovian	410.8
								Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
								Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2					Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli							Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian						Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian						Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian						Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian						Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian						Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1					Jaani		433.4
		Telychian						Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian						Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian						Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian						Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian						Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5							443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5							445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4							453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3							458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5			485.4
		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4			497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4			500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3			509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1	529
													538.8