PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127682 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	North American Land Mammal Ages	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Cambrian of Britain		Permian Subages of Germany	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6	Saintaugustinean	Wanganui	Haweran											0
		Meghalayan		Santarosean													0.0004
		Northgrippian															0.0042
		Greenlandian															0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene															0.0117
		Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean													0.014
		Chibanian		Rancholabrean													0.129
				Irvingtonian													0.21
						Castlecliffian											0.34
		Calabrian															0.774
				Blancan													1.4
						Nukumaruan											1.63
		Gelasian				Nukumaruan											1.8
		Gelasian				Mangapanian											2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Mangapanian											2.58
		Piacenzian				Waipipian											3
		Zanclean				Waipipian											3.6
						Opoitian											3.7
				Hemphillian		Opoitian											4.7
	Miocene	Messinian			Taranaki	Kapitean											5.333
		Messinian				Tongaporutuan											7.2
		Tortonian															7.246
				Clarendonian													9.4
					Southland	Waiauan											11.04
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5														11.63
				Barstovian													12.5
						Lillburnian											13.05
		Langhian				Lillburnian											13.82
						Clifdenian											15.1
					Pareora	Altonian											15.9
		Burdigalian															15.98
				Hemingfordian													16.3
				Arikareean													18.5
						Otaian											18.7
		Aquitanian				Otaian											20.44
		Aquitanian			Landon	Waitakian											21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4			Waitakian											23.03
						Duntroonian											25.2
						Whaingaroan											27.3
		Rupelian															27.82
				Whitneyan													29.5
				Orellan													31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3	Chadronian													33.9
					Arnold	Runangan											34.6
						Kaiatan											36.7
				Duchesnean													37
		Bartonian															37.71
						Bortonian											39.1
				Uintan													39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2														41.2
					Dannevirke	Porangan											42.6
						Heretaungan											45.7
				Bridgerian													46.2
		Ypresian															47.8
						Mangaorapan											48.9
				Wasatchian		Mangaorapan											50.5
				Wasatchian		Waipawan											52
				Clarkforkian		Waipawan											54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1	Clarkforkian		Teurian											56
		Thanetian		Tiffanian													56.2
		Selandian		Tiffanian													59.2
		Selandian		Torrejonian													60.9
		Danian		Torrejonian													61.6
		Danian		Puercan													63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8		Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7			Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6			Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian			Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian					89.8
						Mangaotanean	90.5
						Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5			Arowhanan	93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
						Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4			Motuan	100.5
						Urutawan	103.3
					Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3			Korangan	113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3				117.5
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2				121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2				125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1				132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1				139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6				145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5				149.2
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4				165.3
		Bajocian					Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
		Bajocian						Humphresianum	168.4
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3				Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
							Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		180.1
							Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2				Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1				Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1				Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4						201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4						208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3						227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2						237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2						242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1						247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1						251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4						Buntsandstein	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							Buntsandstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							Ohre/Aller	259.51
		Wordian							Leine	264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2							273.01
		Artinskian								283.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1							Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5							Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian								Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian								Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4							Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian								Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian								Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian								Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3							Chesterian	323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2							Chesterian	330.9
										Meramecian	335.8 *
										Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1							Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1							Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5								Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4	Adorf							372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3	Givetian							382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3	Eifelian							387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2	Emsian							393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1	Siegen							407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1	Gedinnine							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1								433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5								Kosovian	443.8
		Katian				Kralodvorian					Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian				Berounian						449.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4									453
												Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
											Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		458.4
					Dobrotivian	458.5 *
					Oretanian	459.7 *
						Sarka †							461.7 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2			Klabava †							467.3
		Dapingian			Arenigian								468
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Arenigian								470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Tremadocian								477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5		Merioneth								Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
								Sunwaptan					Dolgellian/Trempealeauan			487.5
													Festiniogian			489.2 *
		Jiangshanian														489.5
								Steptoean								493 *
													Maentwrogian			493.1 *
		Paibian					494						Maentwrogian
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4		St Davids			Marjumian					Albertian †		497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4					Marjumian							500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3					Topazan							504.5
		Wuliuan						Delamaran							506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Caerfai			Delamaran					Waucoban †		509
		Stage 4						Dyeran							511 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2					Dyeran							514
								Montezuman							514.8 *
								Begadean							519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2													521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1						529
																	538.8