PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126864 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ten Million Year Bins	North American Land Mammal Ages	Devonian of France	Cambrian of West Avalonia	South American Land Mammal Ages		Cambrian Epochs	Precambrian of Russia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6	Saintaugustinean							0
				Meghalayan		Santarosean							0.0004
				Northgrippian									0.0042
				Greenlandian									0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Lujanian				0.0117
				Late Pleistocene		Rancholabrean							0.014
				Chibanian		Rancholabrean							0.129
						Irvingtonian							0.21
									Ensenadan				0.3 *
				Calabrian									0.774
						Blancan							1.4
									Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
				Gelasian					Sanandresian				1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Vorohuean				2.58
				Piacenzian					Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
				Zanclean					Chapadmalalan				3.6
									Montehermosan				3.7 *
						Hemphillian			Montehermosan				4.7
									Huayquerian				4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian									5.333
				Tortonian									7.246
									Chasicoan				7.9 *
						Clarendonian			Chasicoan				9.4
									Mayoan				9.9 *
									Laventan				10.9 *
				Serravallian	Cenozoic 5								11.63
						Barstovian							12.5
									Colloncuran				13.7 *
				Langhian					Colloncuran				13.82
				Langhian					Friasian				15.4 *
				Burdigalian					Friasian				15.98
									Santacrucian				16.2 *
						Hemingfordian			Santacrucian				16.3
						Hemingfordian			Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
						Arikareean							18.5
				Aquitanian									20.44
				Aquitanian					Deseadan				20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4								23.03
				Rupelian									27.82
									Tinguirirican				28.9 *
						Whitneyan							29.5
						Orellan							31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3	Chadronian							33.9
						Chadronian			Divisaderan				35.9 *
						Duchesnean							37
				Bartonian		Duchesnean							37.71
				Bartonian		Uintan							39.7
				Lutetian	Cenozoic 2								41.2
									Mustersan				41.9 *
						Bridgerian							46.2
				Ypresian									47.8
									Casamayoran				47.9 *
						Wasatchian							50.5
						Clarkforkian							54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1	Clarkforkian			Riochican				56
						Tiffanian			Riochican				56.2
									Itaboraian				56.9 *
									Peligran				58.9 *
				Selandian									59.2
				Selandian		Torrejonian							60.9
				Danian									61.6
									Tiupampan				62.4 *
						Puercan			Tiupampan				63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8								66
Campanian				Cretaceous 7	72.1
Santonian				Cretaceous 6	83.6
Coniacian					86.3
Turonian					89.8
Cenomanian				Cretaceous 5	93.9
Early Cretaceous			Albian	Cretaceous 4	100.5
			Aptian	Cretaceous 3	113
			Barremian	Cretaceous 2	121.4
			Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	125.77
			Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	132.6
			Berriasian	Cretaceous 1	139.8
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	145
			Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	149.2
			Oxfordian		154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian		161.5
			Bathonian	Jurassic 4	165.3
			Bajocian	Jurassic 4	168.2
			Aalenian	Jurassic 3	170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3	174.7
			Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	184.2
			Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	192.9
			Hettangian	Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	201.4
			Norian	Triassic 4	208.5
			Carnian	Triassic 3	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		259.51
			Wordian		264.28
			Roadian	Permian 3	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2	273.01
			Artinskian		283.5
			Sakmarian		290.1
			Asselian	Permian 1	Bursumian †		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5	Virgilian		298.9
			Kasimovian		Missourian		303.7
			Kasimovian		Desmoinesian		305.9 *
			Moscovian	Carboniferous 4	Desmoinesian		307
			Moscovian		Atokan		312.7 *
			Bashkirian		Atokan		315.2
			Bashkirian		Morrowan		318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3	Chesterian		323.2
			Visean	Carboniferous 2	Chesterian		330.9
					Meramecian		335.8 *
					Osagean		343.1 *
			Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	Osagean		346.7
			Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	Kinderhookian		351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5	Famennian			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4	Frasnian			Adorf		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3	Givetian			Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3	Couvinien			Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				Emsian		393.3
			Pragian	Devonian 1				Siegen		407.6
			Pragian		Coblencien			Siegen		408.2 *
			Lochkovian		Gedinnine			Gedinnine		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
		Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1		433.4
			Aeronian			438.5
			Rhuddanian			440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5		443.8
			Katian	Ordovician 5		445.2
			Sandbian	Ordovician 4		453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2		467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2		470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5		Late Cambrian			485.4
			Jiangshanian						489.5
			Paibian						494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4		Middle Cambrian			497
			Guzhangian						Arcadian	498.4
			Drumian							500.5
			Wuliuan	Cambrian 3						504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3		Branchian			Early Cambrian	509
			Stage 3	Cambrian 2		Branchian				514
			Stage 3			Placentian				517.1
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1						529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian										635
		Tonian										720
		Tonian									Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian									Karatau	1000
		Stenian									Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian									Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian									Burzyan	1375
													1400