PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127083 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ten Million Year Bins	Central Paratethys Stages	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Permian Subages of Germany	South American Land Mammal Ages		Precambrian of Russia	Cambrian of North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6		Wanganui	Haweran								0
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Lujanian						0.0117
				Chibanian						Lujanian						0.129
										Ensenadan						0.3 *
								Castlecliffian								0.34
				Calabrian				Castlecliffian								0.774
								Nukumaruan								1.63
										Sanandresian	Uquian †					1.7 *
				Gelasian												1.8
				Gelasian				Mangapanian								2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Vorohuean						2.58
										Chapadmalalan						2.9 *
								Waipipian								3
				Zanclean				Waipipian								3.6
								Opoitian		Montehermosan						3.7 *
								Opoitian		Huayquerian						4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian			Taranaki	Kapitean								5.333
				Messinian				Tongaporutuan								7.2
				Tortonian		Pannonian										7.246
										Chasicoan						7.9 *
										Mayoan						9.9 *
										Laventan						10.9 *
							Southland	Waiauan								11.04
				Serravallian	Cenozoic 5	Sarmatian										11.63
						Badenian										12.8 *
								Lillburnian								13.05
										Colloncuran						13.7 *
				Langhian												13.82
								Clifdenian								15.1
								Clifdenian		Friasian						15.4 *
							Pareora	Altonian								15.9
				Burdigalian												15.98
										Santacrucian						16.2 *
										Colhuehuapian						17.4 *
								Otaian								18.7
				Aquitanian												20.44
										Deseadan						20.9 *
							Landon	Waitakian								21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4			Waitakian								23.03
								Duntroonian								25.2
								Whaingaroan								27.3
				Rupelian												27.82
				Rupelian						Tinguirirican						28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3											33.9
							Arnold	Runangan								34.6
								Runangan		Divisaderan						35.9 *
								Kaiatan								36.7
				Bartonian				Kaiatan								37.71
				Bartonian				Bortonian								39.1
				Lutetian	Cenozoic 2											41.2
										Mustersan						41.9 *
							Dannevirke	Porangan								42.6
								Heretaungan								45.7
				Ypresian												47.8
										Casamayoran						47.9 *
								Mangaorapan								48.9
								Waipawan								52
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1			Teurian		Riochican						56
										Itaboraian						56.9 *
										Peligran						58.9 *
				Selandian												59.2
				Danian												61.6
Tiupampan	62.4 *			Danian
Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Mata		Haumurian		66
			Campanian	Cretaceous 7			Haumurian		72.1
			Santonian	Cretaceous 6			Piripauan		83.6
			Santonian		Raukumara		Teratan		86.1
			Coniacian						86.3
			Turonian						89.8
							Mangaotanean		90.5
							Arowhanan		93.7
			Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5			Arowhanan		93.9
					Clarence		Ngaterian		95.2
							Motuan		99.5
		Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4			Motuan		100.5
							Urutawan		103.3
					Taitai		Korangan		108.4
			Aptian	Cretaceous 3			Korangan		113
			Aptian	Cretaceous 3					117.5
			Barremian	Cretaceous 2					121.4
			Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2					125.77
			Valanginian	Cretaceous 1					132.6
			Berriasian	Cretaceous 1					139.8
	Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6					145
			Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5					149.2
			Oxfordian						154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
			Bathonian	Jurassic 4					165.3
			Bajocian	Jurassic 4					168.2
			Aalenian	Jurassic 3					170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3					174.7
			Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		184.2
			Sinemurian	Jurassic 1		192.9
			Hettangian	Jurassic 1		199.5
	Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4		201.4
			Norian	Triassic 4		208.5
			Carnian	Triassic 3		227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2		237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2		242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1		247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1		251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		Buntsandstein			251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Buntsandstein			254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			Ohre/Aller			259.51
			Wordian			Leine			264.28
			Roadian	Permian 3					266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2					273.01
			Artinskian						283.5
			Sakmarian						290.1
			Asselian	Permian 1					293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5					298.9
			Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5					303.7
			Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					307
			Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4					315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					323.2
			Visean	Carboniferous 2					330.9
			Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1					346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4					372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3					382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3					387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					393.3
			Pragian	Devonian 1					407.6
			Lochkovian	Devonian 1					410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2					Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
		Pridoli							Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
		Ludlow	Ludfordian						Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
			Gorstian							425.6
			Gorstian					Buildwas		426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian					Buildwas		427.4
			Homerian					Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1						433.4
			Telychian							436.3 *
			Aeronian							438.5
			Aeronian					Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
			Rhuddanian					Cowleigh Park		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5						Kosovian	443.8
			Katian							Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
			Katian							Berounian		449.7 *
			Sandbian	Ordovician 4								453
												Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
							Liben †					458 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3								458.4
										Dobrotivian		458.5 *
										Oretanian		459.7 *
							Sarka †						461.7 *
			Dapingian	Ordovician 2	Klabava †		467.3
			Dapingian				Arenigian			468
		Early Ordovician	Floian				Arenigian			470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	Tremadocian					477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan								485.4
			Stage 10										Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian										Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian										Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian										Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	Marjumian								Albertian †	497
			Drumian	Cambrian 4	Marjumian									500.5
			Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	Topazan									504.5
			Wuliuan		Delamaran									506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran								Waucoban †	509
			Stage 4		Dyeran									511 *
			Stage 3	Cambrian 2	Dyeran									514
					Montezuman									514.8 *
					Begadean									519.9 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2	521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian	Cambrian 1	529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian		538.8
		Cryogenian													635
		Tonian				720
		Tonian				Karatau							800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian				Karatau							1000
		Stenian				Yurmatian							1100
		Ectasian				Yurmatian							1200
		Ectasian				Burzyan							1375
																1400