PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Central Paratethys Stages	Carboniferous Subepochs	Cambrian of North America		Permian of China	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cambrian of Britain		Permian of the Pamirs	European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6												0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Chibanian													0.129
		Calabrian													0.774
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Villanyian	2.58
		Piacenzian												Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean												Ruscinian	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian												Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian		Pannonian										Turolian	7.246
		Tortonian		Pannonian										Vallesian	8.7
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5	Sarmatian										Astaracian	11.63
		Serravallian		Badenian											12.8 *
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian												Orleanian	15.98
		Burdigalian												Agenian	20
		Aquitanian												Agenian	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4						Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4						Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian					27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3						Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3						Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2												41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2							Bumbanian					47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1						Gashatan						56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8												66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7												72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6												83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4												100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3												113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2												121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2												125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1												132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6												145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5												149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4												165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4												168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3												174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2												184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1												192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1												199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4												201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4												208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3												227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2												237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2												242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1												247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1												251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4					Meishanian					Dorashamian		251.902
		Changhsingian						Baoqingian					Dorashamian		253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian						Laoshanian					Dzhulfian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian						Laibinian					Dzhulfian		257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						Lengwuan					Midian		259.51
		Wordian						Kuhfengian					Midian		264.28
		Wordian			Murgabian	266.2 *
		Roadian	Permian 3		Murgabian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2		Luodianian	Kubergandian	273.01
		Kungurian				Bolorian	279.8
		Artinskian					283.5
					Longlinian		285.4 *
						Yakhtashian	286
		Sakmarian				Sakmarian	290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1		Zisongian	Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5		Zisongian	Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Gzhelian						300.1
		Kasimovian						303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4			Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4			Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3			Late Mississippian		323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2	Middle Mississippian		330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2			393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1			407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1			433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5			445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Late Cambrian	485.4
									Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		Sunwaptan	487.5
									Festiniogian			489.2 *
		Jiangshanian										489.5
											Steptoean	493 *
									Maentwrogian			493.1 *
		Paibian							Maentwrogian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4			Marjumian		Albertian †	St Davids		Middle Cambrian	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4			Marjumian						500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3			Topazan						504.5
		Wuliuan				Delamaran						506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Delamaran		Waucoban †	Caerfai		Early Cambrian	509
		Stage 4				Dyeran						511 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2			Dyeran						514
						Montezuman						514.8 *
						Begadean						519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1									529
															538.8