PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Central Paratethys Stages	Permian of the Pamirs	South American Land Mammal Ages		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Mesozoic Subages		Permian of China
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6											0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene				Lujanian								0.0117
		Chibanian				Lujanian								0.129
		Chibanian				Ensenadan								0.3 *
		Calabrian				Ensenadan								0.774
		Calabrian				Sanandresian	Uquian †							1.7 *
		Gelasian				Sanandresian								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Vorohuean		Tertiary †						2.58
		Piacenzian				Chapadmalalan								2.9 *
		Zanclean				Chapadmalalan								3.6
						Montehermosan								3.7 *
						Huayquerian								4.9 *
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian		Pannonian										7.246
						Chasicoan								7.9 *
						Mayoan								9.9 *
						Laventan								10.9 *
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5	Sarmatian										11.63
				Badenian										12.8 *
				Badenian		Colloncuran								13.7 *
		Langhian				Colloncuran								13.82
		Langhian				Friasian								15.4 *
		Burdigalian				Friasian								15.98
						Santacrucian								16.2 *
						Colhuehuapian								17.4 *
		Aquitanian				Colhuehuapian								20.44
		Aquitanian				Deseadan								20.9 *
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4											23.03
		Rupelian												27.82
		Rupelian				Tinguirirican								28.9 *
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3			Tinguirirican								33.9
		Priabonian				Divisaderan								35.9 *
		Bartonian												37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2											41.2
		Lutetian				Mustersan								41.9 *
		Ypresian				Mustersan								47.8
		Ypresian				Casamayoran								47.9 *
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1			Riochican								56
						Itaboraian								56.9 *
						Peligran								58.9 *
		Selandian												59.2
		Danian												61.6
		Danian				Tiupampan								62.4 *
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8								Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7								Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6								Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian									Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian									Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5								Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4								Late Albian			100.5
											Middle Albian			106.2 *
											Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3								Late Aptian			113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3								Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2								Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2								Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1								Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian									Late Berriasian			139.8
											Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
											Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6								Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6								Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5		Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian							Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian					168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian					174.7
					Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
					Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4				201.4
		Norian			Sevatian		208.5
					Alaunian		213.2 *
					Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2		Longobardian		237
		Ladinian		Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian	251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	Dorashamian			Meishanian			Melekhovian	251.902
		Changhsingian		Dorashamian			Baoqingian				253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian		Dzhulfian			Longtanian †				Laoshanian	Zechstein	254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Dzhulfian			Longtanian †				Laibinian	Zechstein	257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Midian							Lengwuan	Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian									Kuhfengian		264.28
										Noginskian			264.9 *
				Murgabian									266.2 *
		Roadian	Permian 3	Murgabian									266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2	Kubergandian							Luodianian		273.01
				Kubergandian						Pavlovoposadian			276.8 *
				Bolorian									279.8
		Artinskian										Autunian	283.5
											Longlinian		285.4 *
				Yakhtashian		286
				Yakhtashian		Rusavkinian		287.6 *
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1	Asselian				Zisongian		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5					Zisongian			298.9
		Gzhelian									300.1
		Kasimovian				Dorogomilovian					303.7
						Khamovnikian					304.8
						Krevyakinian					305.8 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4			Myachkovian					307
						Podolskian					308.9 *
						Kashirian					311.4 *
						Vereian					313.8
						Melekessian					314.8
		Bashkirian				Melekessian					315.2
						Cheremshanian					316.9 *
						Prikamian					318.6 *
						Severokeltmian					319.9 *
						Krasnopolyanian					321.2 *
						Voznesenian					321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3			Zapaltjubian					323.2
						Protvian					324.4 *
						Steshevian					326.8 *
						Tarusian			329 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2			Venevian			330.9
						Mikhailovian			331.9 *
						Aleksinian			333.7 *
						Tulian			335.8 *
						Bobrikian			339.9 *
						Radaevkian			343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1			Kosvian			346.7
						Kizelian			350.7 *
						Cherepetian			351.9 *
						Karakubian			354.4 *
						Upinian			356.3 *
						Malevkian			357.6 *
						Gumerovian			358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2						393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1						407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1						433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5		443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5		445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5		485.4
		Jiangshanian			489.5
		Paibian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4		Series 3 †		497
		Guzhangian					Arcadian		498.4
		Drumian							500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3						Stage 5 †		504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3						Branchian		509
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2						Branchian		514
		Stage 3		Placentian					517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1					529
														538.8