PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Central Paratethys Stages	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Carboniferous of North America	Cambrian of Australia	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6								Wanganui	Haweran	0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Tarantian									0.0117
		Chibanian		Ionian									0.129
		Chibanian		Ionian								Castlecliffian	0.34
		Calabrian										Castlecliffian	0.774
		Calabrian										Nukumaruan	1.63
		Gelasian										Nukumaruan	1.8
		Gelasian										Mangapanian	2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Mangapanian	2.58
		Piacenzian										Waipipian	3
		Zanclean										Waipipian	3.6
		Zanclean										Opoitian	3.7
	Miocene	Messinian									Taranaki	Kapitean	5.333
		Messinian										Tongaporutuan	7.2
		Tortonian			Pannonian							Tongaporutuan	7.246
		Tortonian			Pannonian						Southland	Waiauan	11.04
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5		Sarmatian								11.63
					Badenian								12.8 *
					Badenian							Lillburnian	13.05
		Langhian										Lillburnian	13.82
												Clifdenian	15.1
											Pareora	Altonian	15.9
		Burdigalian										Altonian	15.98
		Burdigalian										Otaian	18.7
		Aquitanian										Otaian	20.44
		Aquitanian									Landon	Waitakian	21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4									Waitakian	23.03
												Duntroonian	25.2
												Whaingaroan	27.3
		Rupelian											27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3										33.9
											Arnold	Runangan	34.6
												Kaiatan	36.7
		Bartonian										Kaiatan	37.71
		Bartonian										Bortonian	39.1
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2									Bortonian	41.2
											Dannevirke	Porangan	42.6
												Heretaungan	45.7
		Ypresian										Heretaungan	47.8
												Mangaorapan	48.9
												Waipawan	52
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1									Teurian	56
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8								Mata	Haumurian	66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7									Haumurian	72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6									Piripauan	83.6
		Santonian									Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
												Mangaotanean	90.5
												Arowhanan	93.7
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5									Arowhanan	93.9
											Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
												Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4									Motuan	100.5
												Urutawan	103.3
											Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3									Korangan	113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3										117.5
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2										121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2										125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1			132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6				145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5				149.2
		Oxfordian					154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	165.3
		Bajocian		Epizigzagiceras			168.2
		Bajocian		Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense			168.4
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta			174.7
				Planulata			179.3 *
				Planulata			Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
				Kanense				181.3 *
				Carlottense				182.3 *
				Kunae				183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Kunae				184.2
				Freboldi				185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi				Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
								Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras				Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1		192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites				196.5 *
		Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites				199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4					201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4					208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3					227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2					237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2					242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1					247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1					251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian						259.51
		Wordian						264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2					273.01
		Artinskian						283.5
		Sakmarian						290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1					Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5					Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian						Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian						Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian						Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian						Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian						Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					Chesterian	323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2					Chesterian	330.9
								Meramecian	335.8 *
								Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1					Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1					Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2						393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1						407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1			433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5			445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2			470
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			Mansian †			483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5			Datsonian			Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Stage 10				Payntonian						486.8 *
		Jiangshanian				Iverian						489.5
									Aksaian			490.7 *
									Sakian			492.2 *
		Paibian				Idamean						494
		Paibian				Idamean					Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4			Mindyallan			Ayusokkanian			497
						Boomerangian			Ayusokkanian			499
						Boomerangian			Mayan/Menevian			499.5
		Drumian				Undillan	500.5
		Drumian				Floran	503
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	Templetonian	Amgan/Solvan	504.5
		Wuliuan		Ordian		507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4				509
					Toyonian	Lenian †	510 *
					Toyonian		510.8 *
					Botomian		512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2		Botomian		514
		Stage 3			Atdabanian		515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian		521
		Stage 2			Nemakit-Daldynian		525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1		Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †	529
													538.8