PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126844 collections

Show less time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ten Million Year Bins	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	Devonian of France	Obsolete Names for ICS Units		North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6					Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan						Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian							0.0042
				Greenlandian							0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Tarantian					0.0117
				Late Pleistocene		Tarantian				Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian		Ionian				Rancholabrean	0.129
				Chibanian		Ionian				Irvingtonian	0.21
				Calabrian						Irvingtonian	0.774
				Calabrian						Blancan	1.4
				Gelasian							1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Tertiary †			2.58
				Zanclean							3.6
				Zanclean						Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian							5.333
				Tortonian							7.246
				Tortonian						Clarendonian	9.4
				Serravallian	Cenozoic 5					Clarendonian	11.63
				Serravallian						Barstovian	12.5
				Langhian							13.82
				Burdigalian							15.98
										Hemingfordian	16.3
										Arikareean	18.5
				Aquitanian							20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4						23.03
				Rupelian							27.82
										Whitneyan	29.5
										Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3					Chadronian	33.9
				Priabonian						Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian						Duchesnean	37.71
				Bartonian						Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian	Cenozoic 2					Uintan	41.2
				Lutetian						Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian						Bridgerian	47.8
										Wasatchian	50.5
										Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1					Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian						Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian						Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian						Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian						Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian						Puercan	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8						66
				Campanian	Cretaceous 7						72.1
				Santonian	Cretaceous 6						83.6
				Coniacian							86.3
				Turonian							89.8
				Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5						93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4						100.5
				Aptian	Cretaceous 3						113
				Barremian	Cretaceous 2						121.4
				Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2						125.77
				Valanginian	Cretaceous 1						132.6
				Berriasian	Cretaceous 1						139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6						145
				Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5						149.2
				Oxfordian							154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian							161.5
				Bathonian	Jurassic 4						165.3
				Bajocian	Jurassic 4						168.2
				Aalenian	Jurassic 3						170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3						174.7
				Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2						184.2
Sinemurian				Jurassic 1	192.9
Hettangian				Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	201.4
			Norian	Triassic 4	208.5
			Carnian	Triassic 3	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Longtanian †	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
			Wordian			264.28
			Roadian	Permian 3		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2		273.01
			Artinskian			283.5
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian	Permian 1		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5		298.9
			Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5		303.7
			Moscovian	Carboniferous 4		307
			Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4		315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3		323.2
			Visean	Carboniferous 2		330.9
			Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5		Famennian	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4		Frasnian	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3		Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3		Couvinien	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2			393.3
			Pragian	Devonian 1			407.6
			Pragian			Coblencien	408.2 *
			Lochkovian			Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2			419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1			433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
			Rhuddanian				440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			443.8
			Katian	Ordovician 5			445.2
			Sandbian	Ordovician 4			453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2			467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2			470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5			485.4
			Jiangshanian				489.5
			Paibian				494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4			Series 3 †	497
			Drumian	Cambrian 4				500.5
			Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	Stage 5 †			504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3				509
		Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2				514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2				521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1				529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							538.8
		Cryogenian							635
		Tonian							720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian							1000
		Ectasian							1200
		Calymmian							1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian							1600
		Orosirian							1800
		Rhyacian							2050
		Siderian							2300
Archean	Neoarchean								2500
	Mesoarchean								2800
	Paleoarchean								3200
	Eoarchean								3600
Hadean									4000
											4600