PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ten Million Year Bins	Mammal Paleogene Zones		North American Land Mammal Ages	Permian of North America		Ordovician of China			Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Cretaceous Subepochs	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Central Paratethys Stages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6			Saintaugustinean									Wanganui	Haweran		0
				Meghalayan				Santarosean												0.0004
				Northgrippian																0.0042
				Greenlandian																0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																0.0117
				Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean												0.014
				Chibanian				Rancholabrean												0.129
								Irvingtonian												0.21
																		Castlecliffian		0.34
				Calabrian																0.774
								Blancan												1.4
																		Nukumaruan		1.63
				Gelasian														Nukumaruan		1.8
				Gelasian														Mangapanian		2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														Mangapanian		2.58
				Piacenzian														Waipipian		3
				Zanclean														Waipipian		3.6
																		Opoitian		3.7
								Hemphillian										Opoitian		4.7
			Miocene	Messinian													Taranaki	Kapitean		5.333
				Messinian														Tongaporutuan		7.2
				Tortonian															Pannonian	7.246
								Clarendonian												9.4
																	Southland	Waiauan		11.04
				Serravallian	Cenozoic 5														Sarmatian	11.63
								Barstovian											Sarmatian	12.5
																			Badenian	12.8 *
																		Lillburnian	Badenian	13.05
				Langhian														Lillburnian		13.82
																		Clifdenian		15.1
																	Pareora	Altonian		15.9
				Burdigalian																15.98
								Hemingfordian												16.3
								Arikareean												18.5
																		Otaian		18.7
				Aquitanian														Otaian		20.44
				Aquitanian													Landon	Waitakian		21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4	MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25											Waitakian		23.03
																		Duntroonian		25.2
																		Whaingaroan		27.3
				Rupelian		MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21														27.82
								Whitneyan												29.5
								Orellan												31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3	MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A		Chadronian												33.9
																	Arnold	Runangan		34.6
																		Kaiatan		36.7
								Duchesnean												37
				Bartonian		MP 16														37.71
																		Bortonian		39.1
								Uintan												39.7
				Lutetian	Cenozoic 2	MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11														41.2
																	Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
																		Heretaungan		45.7
								Bridgerian												46.2
				Ypresian		MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7														47.8
																		Mangaorapan		48.9
								Wasatchian										Mangaorapan		50.5
								Wasatchian										Waipawan		52
								Clarkforkian										Waipawan		54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1	MP 6	MP 1 - 5	Clarkforkian										Teurian		56
				Thanetian		MP 6		Tiffanian												56.2
				Selandian				Tiffanian												59.2
				Selandian				Torrejonian												60.9
				Danian				Torrejonian												61.6
Puercan	63.8			Danian
Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8				Senonian	Mata	Haumurian	66
			Campanian	Cretaceous 7						Haumurian	72.1
			Santonian	Cretaceous 6						Piripauan	83.6
			Santonian						Raukumara	Teratan	86.1
			Coniacian								86.3
			Turonian								89.8
										Mangaotanean	90.5
										Arowhanan	93.7
			Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5						Arowhanan	93.9
									Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
										Motuan	99.5
		Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4				Gallic		Motuan	100.5
										Urutawan	103.3
									Taitai	Korangan	108.4
			Aptian	Cretaceous 3						Korangan	113
			Aptian	Cretaceous 3							117.5
			Barremian	Cretaceous 2							121.4
			Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2				Neocomian			125.77
			Valanginian	Cretaceous 1							132.6
			Berriasian	Cretaceous 1							139.8
	Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6							145
			Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5							149.2
			Oxfordian								154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
			Bathonian	Jurassic 4							165.3
			Bajocian	Jurassic 4							168.2
			Aalenian	Jurassic 3							170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3							174.7
			Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2							184.2
			Sinemurian	Jurassic 1							192.9
			Hettangian	Jurassic 1							199.5
	Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4							201.4
			Norian	Triassic 4							208.5
			Carnian	Triassic 3							227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2							237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2							242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1							247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1							251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4							251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian								Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian								Wordian	264.28
			Roadian	Permian 3							Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2							Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
			Kungurian									Hessian	281.9 *
			Artinskian									Hessian	283.5
			Artinskian								Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
			Sakmarian									Lenoxian	290.1
			Asselian	Permian 1								Nealian	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5									298.9
			Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5									303.7
			Moscovian	Carboniferous 4									307
			Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4									315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3									323.2
			Visean	Carboniferous 2									330.9
			Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1									346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5									358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4									372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3									382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3									387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2		393.3
			Pragian	Devonian 1		407.6
			Lochkovian	Devonian 1		410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2		419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
		Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1	433.4
			Aeronian		438.5
			Rhuddanian		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5	Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †						443.8
			Katian		Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †						445.2
			Katian		Neichianshanian/Hanjiang								449.5
			Sandbian	Ordovician 4	Neichianshanian/Hanjiang								453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo							458.4
			Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo						466.3 *
			Dapingian	Ordovician 2	Dapingian								467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2	Yiyangian								470
			Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	Xinchangian					477.7
							Lianghekou †			477.9 *
							Lianghekou †			Mansian †			483.55 *
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5						Batyrbaian			Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
			Jiangshanian							Batyrbaian					489.5
								Aksaian	490.7 *
								Sakian	492.2 *
			Paibian						494
			Paibian						Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4				Ayusokkanian					497
			Guzhangian					Mayan/Menevian					499.5
			Drumian					Mayan/Menevian					500.5
			Wuliuan	Cambrian 3				Amgan/Solvan					504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4					Amgan/Solvan					509
								Toyonian	Lenian †				510 *
								Botomian					512.5 *
			Stage 3	Cambrian 2				Botomian					514
			Stage 3					Atdabanian					515.6 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2					Tommotian					521
			Stage 2					Nemakit-Daldynian					525.5
			Fortunian	Cambrian 1				Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †				529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian †				Poundian †			538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							Vendian †				Wonokan †			571.7 *
																				635