PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	European Faunal Zones	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Central Paratethys Stages	Mesozoic Subages		Cretaceous Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6										0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Chibanian											0.129
		Calabrian											0.774
		Gelasian		MN 17									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		MN 16									2.58
		Piacenzian		MN 15									3.2
		Zanclean		MN 15									3.6
				MN 14									4.2
				MN 13									4.9
	Miocene	Messinian		MN 13									5.333
		Tortonian		MN 12					Pannonian				7.246
				MN 11									7.75
				MN 10									8.7
				MN 9									9.7
				MN 7 + 8									11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5	MN 7 + 8					Sarmatian				11.63
		Serravallian		MN 6					Badenian				12.8 *
		Langhian		MN 5									13.82
		Burdigalian		MN 4									15.98
				MN 3									16.9
				MN 2									20
		Aquitanian		MN 2									20.44
		Aquitanian		MN 1									22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4										23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4										27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3										33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3										37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2										41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2										47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1										56
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Senonian	66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian								Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian								Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4							Late Albian		Gallic	100.5
										Middle Albian			106.2 *
										Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3							Late Aptian			113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3							Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2							Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2							Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1							Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian								Late Berriasian			139.8
										Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
										Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6							Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6							Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5							Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian								Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian								Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian									Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4							Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian								Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian								Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3							Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian								Late Toarcian			174.7
					Middle Toarcian	180.4 *
					Early Toarcian	182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian	184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4			201.4
		Norian			Sevatian	208.5
					Alaunian	213.2 *
					Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Tuvalian	227
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2		Longobardian	237
		Ladinian			Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian	242
					Pelsonian	243.8 *
					Bithynian	244.7 *
					Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1		Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian	251.2
					Griesbachian	251.4 *
					Griesbachian	Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4			Kathwai	251.902
							252.4 *
						Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian				Chhidru	254.14
				Kalabagh		255 *
				Wargal		256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
						265.3 *
				Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian	Permian 3	Amb		266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3			270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2			273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5			298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5			303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4			307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3			323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2			330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2			393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1			407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1			433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			Kosovian	443.8
		Katian				Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian				Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4					453
								Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
							Liben †			458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3							458.4
						Dobrotivian				458.5 *
						Oretanian				459.7 *
							Sarka †			461.7 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2				Klabava †			467.3
		Dapingian				Arenigian				468
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Arenigian				470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			Tremadocian				477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5							Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10									Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian									Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian									Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian									Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4							Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4							Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3							Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan								Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4								Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2							Dyeran		514
					Montezuman					514.8 *
					Begadean					519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1							529
													538.8