PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ten Million Year Bins	European Faunal Units		Carboniferous Subepochs	Permian of Western Europe	Obsolete Names for ICS Units		Cambrian of North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6								0
				Northgrippian									0.0042
				Greenlandian									0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
				Chibanian									0.129
				Calabrian									0.774
				Gelasian									1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Villanyian				Tertiary †			2.58
				Piacenzian		Ruscinian							3.1 *
				Zanclean		Ruscinian							3.6
			Miocene	Messinian		Turolian							5.333
				Tortonian		Turolian							7.246
				Tortonian		Vallesian							8.7
				Serravallian	Cenozoic 5	Astaracian							11.63
				Langhian		Astaracian							13.82
				Burdigalian		Orleanian							15.98
				Burdigalian		Agenian							20
				Aquitanian		Agenian							20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4								23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4								27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3								33.9
				Bartonian	Cenozoic 3								37.71
				Lutetian	Cenozoic 2								41.2
				Ypresian	Cenozoic 2								47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1								56
				Selandian									59.2
				Danian									61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8								66
				Campanian	Cretaceous 7								72.1
				Santonian	Cretaceous 6								83.6
				Coniacian									86.3
				Turonian									89.8
				Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5								93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4								100.5
				Aptian	Cretaceous 3								113
				Barremian	Cretaceous 2								121.4
				Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2								125.77
				Valanginian	Cretaceous 1								132.6
				Berriasian	Cretaceous 1								139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6								145
				Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5								149.2
				Oxfordian									154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian									161.5
				Bathonian	Jurassic 4								165.3
				Bajocian	Jurassic 4								168.2
				Aalenian	Jurassic 3								170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3								174.7
				Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2								184.2
				Sinemurian	Jurassic 1								192.9
				Hettangian	Jurassic 1								199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4								201.4
				Norian	Triassic 4								208.5
				Carnian	Triassic 3								227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2								237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2								242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1								247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1								251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4								251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					Zechstein		Longtanian †		254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian					Rotliegendes				259.51
				Wordian									264.28
				Roadian	Permian 3								266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2								273.01
				Artinskian					Autunian				283.5
Sakmarian				290.1
Asselian				Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5	Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
			Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5	Late Pennsylvanian		303.7
			Moscovian	Carboniferous 4	Middle Pennsylvanian		307
			Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4	Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3	Late Mississippian		323.2
			Visean	Carboniferous 2	Middle Mississippian		330.9
			Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5			Late Famennian	358.9
							Middle Famennian	365.3 *
							Early Famennian	368.5 *
			Frasnian	Devonian 4			Late Frasnian	372.2
							Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
							Early Frasnian	379.3 *
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3			Late Givetian	382.7
							Middle Givetian	383.7 *
							Early Givetian	385.9 *
			Eifelian			Late Eifelian	387.7
			Eifelian			Early Eifelian	390.3 *
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2		Late Emsian	393.3
			Emsian	Devonian 2		Early Emsian	398.3 *
			Pragian	Devonian 1		Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian			Late Lochkovian	410.8
						Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
						Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian		Pridoli		Silurian 2			419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1			433.4
			Aeronian				438.5
			Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			443.8
			Katian	Ordovician 5			445.2
			Sandbian	Ordovician 4			453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2			467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2			470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			477.7
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
			Stage 10					Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian					Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian					Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian					Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4			Series 3 †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
			Drumian	Cambrian 4				Marjumian		500.5
			Wuliuan	Cambrian 3				Stage 5 †		Topazan	504.5
			Wuliuan					Stage 5 †		Delamaran	506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4						Waucoban †	Delamaran	509
			Stage 4							Dyeran	511 *
			Stage 3	Cambrian 2						Dyeran	514
										Montezuman	514.8 *
										Begadean	519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2								521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1							529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †	Poundian †	538.8
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian †	Wonokan †	571.7 *
													635