PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ten Million Year Bins	European Faunal Units	Silurian of England		Mesozoic Subages		Devonian of France	Obsolete Names for ICS Units	North American Land Mammal Ages
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6								Saintaugustinean	0
				Meghalayan									Santarosean	0.0004
				Northgrippian										0.0042
				Greenlandian										0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										0.0117
				Late Pleistocene									Rancholabrean	0.014
				Chibanian									Rancholabrean	0.129
				Chibanian									Irvingtonian	0.21
				Calabrian									Irvingtonian	0.774
				Calabrian									Blancan	1.4
				Gelasian										1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Villanyian						Tertiary †		2.58
				Piacenzian		Ruscinian								3.1 *
				Zanclean										3.6
				Zanclean									Hemphillian	4.7
			Miocene	Messinian		Turolian								5.333
				Tortonian		Turolian								7.246
						Vallesian								8.7
						Vallesian							Clarendonian	9.4
				Serravallian	Cenozoic 5	Astaracian							Clarendonian	11.63
				Serravallian									Barstovian	12.5
				Langhian										13.82
				Burdigalian		Orleanian								15.98
													Hemingfordian	16.3
													Arikareean	18.5
						Agenian								20
				Aquitanian		Agenian								20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4									23.03
				Rupelian										27.82
													Whitneyan	29.5
													Orellan	31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3								Chadronian	33.9
				Priabonian									Duchesnean	37
				Bartonian									Duchesnean	37.71
				Bartonian									Uintan	39.7
				Lutetian	Cenozoic 2								Uintan	41.2
				Lutetian									Bridgerian	46.2
				Ypresian									Bridgerian	47.8
													Wasatchian	50.5
													Clarkforkian	54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1								Clarkforkian	56
				Thanetian									Tiffanian	56.2
				Selandian									Tiffanian	59.2
				Selandian									Torrejonian	60.9
				Danian									Torrejonian	61.6
				Danian									Puercan	63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8				Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					66
				Campanian	Cretaceous 7				Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					72.1
				Santonian	Cretaceous 6				Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					83.6
				Coniacian					Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
				Turonian					Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
				Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5				Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4				Late Albian					100.5
									Middle Albian					106.2 *
									Early Albian					109.9 *
				Aptian	Cretaceous 3				Late Aptian					113
				Aptian	Cretaceous 3				Early Aptian					119.5 *
				Barremian	Cretaceous 2				Late Barremian/Early Barremian					121.4
				Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					125.77
				Valanginian	Cretaceous 1				Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					132.6
				Berriasian					Late Berriasian					139.8
									Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
									Early Berriasian					142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6				Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				145
Early Tithonian				Tithonian	Jurassic 6		146.3 *			Middle Tithonian
Kimmeridgian				Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
Kimmeridgian					Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
Oxfordian					Late Oxfordian		Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
Oxfordian							Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
Middle Jurassic			Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
			Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
			Bajocian		Late Bajocian			168.2
			Bajocian		Early Bajocian			168.6 *
			Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian		Late Toarcian			174.7
					Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
					Early Toarcian			182.9 *
			Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
			Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
			Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4				201.4
			Norian		Sevatian			208.5
					Alaunian			213.2 *
					Lacian			216.7 *
			Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian			227
			Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian			233.4 *
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian			237
			Ladinian		Fassanian			239.7 *
			Anisian		Illyrian			242
					Pelsonian			243.8 *
					Bithynian			244.7 *
					Aegean	245.5 *
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan		Dienerian	251.2
			Induan		Griesbachian	251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Longtanian †		254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
			Wordian					264.28
			Roadian	Permian 3				266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2				273.01
			Artinskian					283.5
			Sakmarian					290.1
			Asselian	Permian 1				293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				298.9
			Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5				303.7
			Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				307
			Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4				315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				323.2
			Visean	Carboniferous 2				330.9
			Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5				Famennian	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4				Frasnian	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3				Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3				Couvinien	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					393.3
			Pragian	Devonian 1					407.6
			Pragian					Coblencien	408.2 *
			Lochkovian					Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine		419.2
		Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton		421.3
		Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood		423
			Gorstian								425.6
			Gorstian						Buildwas		426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian						Buildwas		427.4
			Homerian					Wych	Woolhope		428.4 *
			Sheinwoodian								430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1							433.4
			Telychian								436.3 *
			Aeronian								438.5
			Aeronian					Cowleigh Park			439.3 *
			Rhuddanian					Cowleigh Park			440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5				443.8
			Katian	Ordovician 5				445.2
			Sandbian	Ordovician 4				453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3				458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2				467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2				470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1				477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5				485.4
			Jiangshanian					489.5
			Paibian					494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4				Series 3 †			497
			Drumian	Cambrian 4							500.5
			Wuliuan	Cambrian 3		Stage 5 †					504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3							509
		Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2							514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2							521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1							529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran										538.8
		Cryogenian										635
		Tonian										720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian										1000
		Ectasian										1200
		Calymmian										1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian										1600
		Orosirian										1800
		Rhyacian										2050
		Siderian										2300
Archean	Neoarchean				2500
	Mesoarchean				2800
	Paleoarchean				3200
	Eoarchean				3600
Hadean					4000
														4600