PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Devonian Subages	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Silurian of England		Carboniferous of North America	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6													0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Nihewanian				Late Pleistocene					0.0117
		Chibanian									Middle Pleistocene					0.129
		Calabrian									Early Pleistocene					0.774
		Gelasian									Early Pleistocene					1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Yushean				Late Pliocene					2.58
		Zanclean					Yushean				Early Pliocene					3.6
		Zanclean					Baodean				Early Pliocene					4.9
	Miocene	Messinian									Late Miocene					5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Tortonian					Tunggurian									11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5				Tunggurian				Middle Miocene					11.63
		Langhian					Shanwangian				Middle Miocene					13.82
		Burdigalian					Shanwangian				Early Miocene					15.98
		Burdigalian					Xiejiaan									16.9
		Aquitanian					Xiejiaan									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4		Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian					Late Oligocene					23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4		Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian					Early Oligocene					27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3		Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian						Late Eocene					33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3		Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan						Middle Eocene					37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2								Middle Eocene					41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2			Bumbanian					Early Eocene					47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1		Gashatan						Late Paleocene					56
		Selandian									Middle Paleocene					59.2
		Danian									Early Paleocene					61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8													66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7													72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6													83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4													100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3													113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2													121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2													125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1													132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6													145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5													149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4													165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4													168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3													174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2													184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1													192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1													199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4													201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4													208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3													227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2													237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2													242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1													247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1													251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4													251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian														254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian														259.51
		Wordian														264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3													266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2													273.01
		Artinskian														283.5
		Sakmarian		290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1	Bursumian †				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5	Virgilian				298.9
		Kasimovian		Missourian				303.7
		Kasimovian		Desmoinesian				305.9 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4	Desmoinesian				307
		Moscovian		Atokan				312.7 *
		Bashkirian		Atokan				315.2
		Bashkirian		Morrowan				318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3	Chesterian				323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2	Chesterian				330.9
				Meramecian				335.8 *
				Osagean				343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	Osagean				346.7
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	Kinderhookian				351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5	Late Famennian					358.9
				Middle Famennian					365.3 *
				Early Famennian					368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4	Late Frasnian			372.2
				Middle Frasnian			375.4 *
				Early Frasnian			379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3	Late Givetian			382.7
				Middle Givetian			383.7 *
				Early Givetian			385.9 *
		Eifelian		Late Eifelian		387.7
		Eifelian		Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2	Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2	Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1	Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian		Late Lochkovian	410.8
				Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
				Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2		Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian					425.6
		Gorstian				Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian				Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian			Wych	Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1				433.4
		Telychian					436.3 *
		Aeronian					438.5
		Aeronian			Cowleigh Park		439.3 *
		Rhuddanian			Cowleigh Park		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5				Cincinnatian		Gamachian	443.8
		Katian							Gamachian	445.2
									Richmondian	446 *
									Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
									Edenian		450.4 *
							Mohawkian		Chatfieldian		451.1 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4						Chatfieldian		453
									Turinian		453.7 *
							Whiterockian			Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3									458.4
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2									467.3
		Dapingian							Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian					Ibexian		Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian							Tulean				473.9 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1						Tulean				477.7
									Stairsian				480.3 *
									Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5						Skullrockian				Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10												Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian												Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian												Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian												Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4										Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4										Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3										Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan											Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4											Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4											Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2										Dyeran		514
													Montezuman		514.8 *
													Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2													521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1												529
																538.8