PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Devonian Subages	Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous Subepochs	Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6							0
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Chibanian								0.129
		Calabrian								0.774
		Gelasian								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian								2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean								3.6
	Miocene	Messinian								5.333
		Tortonian								7.246
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5							11.63
		Langhian								13.82
		Burdigalian								15.98
		Aquitanian								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4							23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4							27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3							33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3							37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2							41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2							47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1							56
		Selandian								59.2
		Danian								61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8		Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian					66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7		Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian					72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6		Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian					83.6
		Coniacian			Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian					86.3
		Turonian			Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian					89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5		Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian					93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4		Late Albian					100.5
					Middle Albian					106.2 *
					Early Albian					109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3		Late Aptian					113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3		Early Aptian					119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2		Late Barremian/Early Barremian					121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2		Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian					125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1		Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian					132.6
		Berriasian			Late Berriasian					139.8
					Middle Berriasian					140.6 *
					Early Berriasian					142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6		Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6		Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian				146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5		Late Kimmeridgian					149.2
		Kimmeridgian			Early Kimmeridgian					152.2 *
		Oxfordian			Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				154.8
		Oxfordian				Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian				157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian					161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4		Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian					165.3
		Bajocian			Late Bajocian					168.2
		Bajocian			Early Bajocian					168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3		Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Late Toarcian					174.7
					Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
					Early Toarcian					182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian					184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1		Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian					192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4							201.4
		Norian			Sevatian					208.5
					Alaunian					213.2 *
					Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Tuvalian					227
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian		Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian	251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2		273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5		Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5		Late Pennsylvanian		303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4		Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4		Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3		Late Mississippian		323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2		Middle Mississippian		330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Early Mississippian		346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5		Late Famennian			358.9
					Middle Famennian			365.3 *
					Early Famennian			368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4		Late Frasnian			372.2
					Middle Frasnian			375.4 *
					Early Frasnian			379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3		Late Givetian			382.7
					Middle Givetian			383.7 *
					Early Givetian			385.9 *
		Eifelian			Late Eifelian			387.7
		Eifelian			Early Eifelian			390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2		Late Emsian			393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2		Early Emsian			398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1		Pragian			407.6
		Lochkovian			Late Lochkovian			410.8
					Middle Lochkovian			412.8 *
					Early Lochkovian			415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1			433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5			445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2			470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
		Stage 10						Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian						Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian						Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian						Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4			Marjumian		Albertian †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4			Marjumian			500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3			Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan				Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4				Delamaran		Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4				Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2			Dyeran			514
						Montezuman			514.8 *
						Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1						529
										538.8