PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126831 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ten Million Year Bins	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Permian of North America		Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Ordovician of the Baltic
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6			Wanganui	Haweran									0
				Northgrippian														0.0042
				Greenlandian														0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
				Chibanian														0.129
				Chibanian					Castlecliffian									0.34
				Calabrian					Castlecliffian									0.774
				Calabrian					Nukumaruan									1.63
				Gelasian					Nukumaruan									1.8
				Gelasian					Mangapanian									2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Mangapanian									2.58
				Piacenzian					Waipipian									3
				Zanclean					Waipipian									3.6
				Zanclean					Opoitian									3.7
			Miocene	Messinian				Taranaki	Kapitean									5.333
				Messinian					Tongaporutuan									7.2
				Tortonian					Tongaporutuan									7.246
				Tortonian				Southland	Waiauan									11.04
				Serravallian	Cenozoic 5				Waiauan									11.63
				Serravallian					Lillburnian									13.05
				Langhian					Lillburnian									13.82
									Clifdenian									15.1
								Pareora	Altonian									15.9
				Burdigalian					Altonian									15.98
				Burdigalian					Otaian									18.7
				Aquitanian					Otaian									20.44
				Aquitanian				Landon	Waitakian									21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4				Waitakian									23.03
									Duntroonian									25.2
									Whaingaroan									27.3
				Rupelian														27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3													33.9
								Arnold	Runangan									34.6
									Kaiatan									36.7
				Bartonian					Kaiatan									37.71
				Bartonian					Bortonian									39.1
				Lutetian	Cenozoic 2				Bortonian									41.2
								Dannevirke	Porangan									42.6
									Heretaungan									45.7
				Ypresian					Heretaungan									47.8
									Mangaorapan									48.9
									Waipawan									52
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1				Teurian									56
				Selandian														59.2
				Danian														61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8			Mata	Haumurian			Lancian/Edmontonian						66
				Campanian	Cretaceous 7				Haumurian			Judithian/Aquilan						72.1
				Santonian	Cretaceous 6				Piripauan									83.6
				Santonian				Raukumara	Teratan									86.1
				Coniacian														86.3
				Turonian														89.8
									Mangaotanean									90.5
									Arowhanan									93.7
				Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5				Arowhanan									93.9
								Clarence	Ngaterian									95.2
									Motuan									99.5
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4				Motuan									100.5
									Urutawan									103.3
								Taitai	Korangan									108.4
				Aptian	Cretaceous 3				Korangan									113
				Aptian	Cretaceous 3													117.5
				Barremian	Cretaceous 2													121.4
				Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2													125.77
				Valanginian	Cretaceous 1													132.6
Berriasian				139.8	Cretaceous 1
Jurassic		Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Oteke	Puaroan		145
			Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
					Kawhia	Ohauan		150
						Heterian		154.5
			Oxfordian					154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
			Callovian			Temaikan		164.3
			Bathonian	Jurassic 4				165.3
			Bajocian	Jurassic 4				168.2
			Aalenian	Jurassic 3				170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian					174.7
			Toarcian		Herangi	Ururoan		176
			Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Ururoan		184.2
			Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Aratauran		188.9
			Sinemurian	Jurassic 1				192.9
			Hettangian	Jurassic 1				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
			Norian			Warepan		208.5
						Otamitan		217
						Oretian		221
			Carnian	Triassic 3		Oretian		227
			Carnian	Triassic 3	Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2		Kaihikuan		237
			Ladinian			Etalian		238
			Anisian			Etalian		242
			Anisian			Malakovian		246
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1		Malakovian		Vokhmian		247.2
			Olenekian			Nelsonian				249
			Induan			Nelsonian				251.2
			Induan		DUrville	Makarewan				251.5
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		Makarewan				251.902
			Changhsingian			Waiitian				253.2
			Wuchiapingian			Waiitian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		254.14
			Wuchiapingian			Puruhauan		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian		254.2
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		Aparima	Flettian		Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
			Wordian			Flettian		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
			Wordian			Barettian		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	266
			Roadian	Permian 3				Roadian		Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2				Leonardian		Cathedralian			273.01
						Mangapirian				Cathedralian			276
										Hessian			281.9 *
			Artinskian										283.5
						Telfordian							285
						Telfordian		Wolfcampian		Lenoxian			286.1 *
													288.5
			Sakmarian										290.1
			Asselian	Permian 1						Nealian		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5								298.9
			Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5								303.7
			Moscovian	Carboniferous 4								307
			Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4								315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3								323.2
			Visean	Carboniferous 2								330.9
			Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1								346.7
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5								Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4								Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3								Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3								Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2								Emsian	393.3
			Pragian	Devonian 1					Siegen			407.6
			Lochkovian	Devonian 1					Gedinnine			410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2								419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
		Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				Gleedonian					427.4
			Homerian				Whitwellian					429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian									430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1								433.4
			Aeronian									438.5
			Rhuddanian									440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5								Harju	Porkuni	443.8
			Katian										Pirgu	445.2
													Vormsi	449.6 *
													Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
												Viru	Rakvere		450.6 *
													Oandu		452 *
			Sandbian	Ordovician 4									Keila	Idavere †	453
													Haljala		453.9
													Kukruse		456.4 *
													Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3									Uhaku		458.4
													Lasnamagi		458.9 *
													Aseri		460.4 *
												Oeland	Kunda		462.9 *
													Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
													Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian	Ordovician 2									Volkhov			467.3
			Dapingian										Billingen			469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian													470
														Latorp †		470.1 *
													Hunneberg			473.7 *
			Tremadocian	Ordovician 1									Hunneberg			477.7
													Varangu			481.3 *
													Pakerort			482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5										Pakerort	485.4
														486.3 *
														486.5
		Jiangshanian												489.5
		Paibian												494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4											497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4											500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3											504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3								509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2								514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2								521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1								529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran														Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian															635
		Tonian			720
		Tonian			Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian			Karatau	1000
		Stenian			Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian			Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian			Burzyan	1375
																		1400