PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ten Million Year Bins	Precambrian of Russia	Ordovician of Australia	Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Ordovician of North America					Devonian of Germany	Silurian of North America		Obsolete Names for ICS Units		Permian Subages of Germany
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6																0
				Northgrippian																	0.0042
				Greenlandian																	0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																	0.0117
				Chibanian																	0.129
				Calabrian																	0.774
				Gelasian																	1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														Tertiary †			2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean																	3.6
			Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
				Tortonian																	7.246
				Serravallian	Cenozoic 5																11.63
				Langhian																	13.82
				Burdigalian																	15.98
				Aquitanian																	20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4			Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian												23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4			Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian												27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3			Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian													33.9
				Bartonian	Cenozoic 3			Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan													37.71
				Lutetian	Cenozoic 2																41.2
				Ypresian	Cenozoic 2				Bumbanian												47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1			Gashatan													56
				Selandian																	59.2
				Danian																	61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8																66
				Campanian	Cretaceous 7																72.1
				Santonian	Cretaceous 6																83.6
				Coniacian																	86.3
				Turonian																	89.8
				Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5																93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4																100.5
				Aptian	Cretaceous 3																113
				Barremian	Cretaceous 2																121.4
				Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2																125.77
				Valanginian	Cretaceous 1																132.6
				Berriasian	Cretaceous 1																139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6																145
				Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5																149.2
				Oxfordian																	154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
				Bathonian	Jurassic 4																165.3
				Bajocian	Jurassic 4																168.2
				Aalenian	Jurassic 3																170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3																174.7
				Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2																184.2
				Sinemurian	Jurassic 1																192.9
				Hettangian	Jurassic 1																199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4																201.4
				Norian	Triassic 4																208.5
				Carnian	Triassic 3																227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2																237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2																242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1																247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1																251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4															Buntsandstein	251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian															Longtanian †	Buntsandstein	254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian																Ohre/Aller	259.51
				Wordian																Leine	264.28
				Roadian	Permian 3																266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2																273.01
				Artinskian																	283.5
				Sakmarian																	290.1
				Asselian	Permian 1																293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5																298.9
Kasimovian				303.7	Carboniferous 5
Moscovian				Carboniferous 4	307
Bashkirian				Carboniferous 4	315.2
Mississippian			Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3	323.2
			Visean	Carboniferous 2	330.9
			Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4	Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian	Devonian 1	Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian	Devonian 1	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian		Pridoli		Silurian 2		Cayugan	419.2
		Pridoli				Niagaran	422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
		Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian				Lockportian			427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1			Ontarian			433.4
			Aeronian							438.5
									Alexandrian	438.7 *
						Medinan	Clinton	440.1 *
								440.7 *
			Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5		Bolindian		Cincinnatian	Gamachian		443.8
			Katian						Gamachian		445.2
									Richmondian		446 *
						Eastonian			Richmondian		449 *
									Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
									Edenian			450.4 *
								Mohawkian	Chatfieldian			451.1 *
						Gisbornian						452 *
			Sandbian	Ordovician 4								453
									Turinian			453.7 *
								Whiterockian			Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		Darriwilian							458.4
			Dapingian	Ordovician 2		Yapeenian							467.3
						Castlemainian							468.5 *
						Castlemainian			Rangerian				469.1 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian			Chewtonian		Ibexian	Blackhillsian			Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
						Bendigonian								471.8 *
						Lancefieldian								473.5 *
									Tulean					473.9 *
			Tremadocian	Ordovician 1					Tulean					477.7
									Stairsian					480.3 *
									Skullrockian				Demingian †	482 *
						Warendian							Demingian †	482.8 *
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5										Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
			Stage 10												Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian												Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian												Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian												Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4										Series 3 †	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
	Drumian		500.5	Cambrian 4											Marjumian
	Wuliuan		Cambrian 3	Stage 5 †											Topazan		504.5
	Wuliuan			Stage 5 †											Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4													Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4													Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2												Dyeran		514
															Montezuman		514.8 *
															Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2															521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1														529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran															Vendian		538.8
		Cryogenian																	635
		Tonian																	720
		Tonian															Karatau		800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian															Karatau		1000
		Stenian															Yurmatian		1100
		Ectasian															Yurmatian		1200
		Ectasian															Burzyan		1375
																					1400