PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cretaceous Subepochs	Silurian of England		Permian of the Salt Range	Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6								0
		Northgrippian									0.0042
		Greenlandian									0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									0.0117
		Chibanian									0.129
		Calabrian									0.774
		Gelasian									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean									3.6
	Miocene	Messinian									5.333
		Tortonian									7.246
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5								11.63
		Langhian									13.82
		Burdigalian									15.98
		Aquitanian									20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4								23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4								27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3								33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3								37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2								41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2								47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1								56
		Selandian									59.2
		Danian									61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Senonian				Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7					Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6					Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian						Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian						Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5					Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4	Gallic				Late Albian			100.5
								Middle Albian			106.2 *
								Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3					Late Aptian			113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3					Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2					Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	Neocomian				Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1					Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian						Late Berriasian			139.8
								Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
								Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6					Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6					Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5					Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian						Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian						Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian							Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4					Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian						Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian						Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3					Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						Late Toarcian			174.7
								Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
								Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2					Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1					Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1					Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4								201.4
		Norian						Sevatian			208.5
								Alaunian			213.2 *
								Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3					Tuvalian			227
		Carnian	Triassic 3					Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2		Longobardian	237
		Ladinian			Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian			Illyrian	242
					Pelsonian	243.8 *
					Bithynian	244.7 *
					Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1		Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian			Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan			Dienerian	251.2
					Griesbachian	251.4 *
					Griesbachian	Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4			Kathwai	251.902
							252.4 *
						Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian				Chhidru	254.14
						Kalabagh	255 *
						Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
							265.3 *
						Amb	266.1 *
		Roadian	Permian 3			Amb	266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3				270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2				273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5				303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1				407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle			Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle			Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Coalbrookdale			Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian						425.6
		Gorstian					Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian					Buildwas	427.4
		Homerian		Wych			Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1					433.4
		Telychian						436.3 *
		Aeronian						438.5
		Aeronian		Cowleigh Park				439.3 *
		Rhuddanian		Cowleigh Park				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5					443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5					445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2					470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5					Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10							Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian							Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian							Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian							Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4					Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4					Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3					Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan						Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4						Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2					Dyeran		514
								Montezuman		514.8 *
								Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1		529
											538.8