International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

  • K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
  • W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
  • F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
  • A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
  • F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
  • P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
  • J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
  • M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic TimescaleTen Million Year BinsCenozoic SubepochsNorth American Land Mammal AgesPermian of the Salt RangeCambrian of North AmericaCenozoic Subepochs of Southern EuropeAmmonite Chrons of Northwest EuropeCentral Paratethys StagesSilurian of the Baltic
QuaternaryHoloceneMeghalayanCenozoic 6Saintaugustinean0
Santarosean0.0004
Northgrippian0.0042
Greenlandian0.0082
PleistoceneLate PleistoceneLate PleistoceneTarantian0.0117
Rancholabrean0.014
ChibanianMiddle PleistoceneIonian0.129
Irvingtonian0.21
CalabrianEarly Pleistocene0.774
Blancan1.4
Gelasian1.8
NeogenePliocenePiacenzianLate Pliocene2.58
ZancleanEarly Pliocene3.6
Hemphillian4.7
MioceneMessinianLate Miocene5.333
TortonianPannonian7.246
Clarendonian9.4
SerravallianCenozoic 5Middle MioceneSarmatian11.63
Barstovian12.5
Badenian12.8 *
Langhian13.82
BurdigalianEarly Miocene15.98
Hemingfordian16.3
Arikareean18.5
Aquitanian20.44
PaleogeneOligoceneChattianCenozoic 4Late Oligocene23.03
RupelianEarly Oligocene27.82
Whitneyan29.5
Orellan31.8
EocenePriabonianCenozoic 3Late EoceneChadronian33.9
Duchesnean37
BartonianMiddle Eocene37.71
Uintan39.7
LutetianCenozoic 241.2
Bridgerian46.2
YpresianEarly Eocene47.8
Wasatchian50.5
Clarkforkian54.9
PaleoceneThanetianCenozoic 1Late Paleocene56
Tiffanian56.2
SelandianMiddle Paleocene59.2
Torrejonian60.9
DanianEarly Paleocene61.6
Puercan63.8
CretaceousLate CretaceousMaastrichtianCretaceous 866
CampanianCretaceous 772.1
SantonianCretaceous 683.6
Coniacian86.3
Turonian89.8
CenomanianCretaceous 593.9
Early CretaceousAlbianCretaceous 4100.5
AptianCretaceous 3113
BarremianCretaceous 2121.4
Hauterivian125.77
ValanginianCretaceous 1132.6
Berriasian139.8
JurassicLate JurassicTithonianJurassic 6145
KimmeridgianJurassic 5149.2
Oxfordian154.8
Middle JurassicCallovian161.5
BathonianJurassic 4165.3
BajocianParkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites168.2
Humphresianum168.4
AalenianJurassic 3Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum170.9
Early JurassicToarcianLevesquei/Variabilis/BifronsThouarsense174.7
180.1
Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum182
PliensbachianJurassic 2Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni184.2
SinemurianJurassic 1Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi192.9
HettangianAngulata/Liasicus/Planorbis199.5
TriassicLate TriassicRhaetianTriassic 4201.4
Norian208.5
CarnianTriassic 3227
Middle TriassicLadinianTriassic 2237
Anisian242
Early TriassicOlenekianTriassic 1247.2
Induan251.2
Kathwai251.5 *
PermianLopingianChanghsingianPermian 4251.902
252.4 *
Chhidru252.9 *
Wuchiapingian254.14
Kalabagh255 *
Wargal256 *
GuadalupianCapitanian259.51
Wordian264.28
265.3 *
Amb266.1 *
RoadianPermian 3266.9
270.7 *
CisuralianKungurianPermian 2273.01
Artinskian283.5
Sakmarian290.1
AsselianPermian 1293.52
CarboniferousPennsylvanianGzhelianCarboniferous 5298.9
Kasimovian303.7
MoscovianCarboniferous 4307
Bashkirian315.2
MississippianSerpukhovianCarboniferous 3323.2
ViseanCarboniferous 2330.9
TournaisianCarboniferous 1346.7
DevonianLate DevonianFamennianDevonian 5358.9
FrasnianDevonian 4372.2
Middle DevonianGivetianDevonian 3382.7
Eifelian387.7
Early DevonianEmsianDevonian 2393.3
PragianDevonian 1407.6
Lochkovian410.8
SilurianPridoliSilurian 2Ohesaare419.2
Kaugetuma421.7 *
LudlowLudfordianKuressaare423
Paadla423.4 *
Gorstian425.6
WenlockHomerianRootsikula427.4
Jaagarahu429.2 *
Sheinwoodian430.5
Jaani431.8 *
LlandoveryTelychianSilurian 1433.4
Adavere434 *
Aeronian438.5
Raikkula439.4 *
Rhuddanian440.8
Juuru441.4 *
OrdovicianLate OrdovicianHirnantianOrdovician 5443.8
Katian445.2
SandbianOrdovician 4453
Middle OrdovicianDarriwilianOrdovician 3458.4
DapingianOrdovician 2467.3
Early OrdovicianFloian470
TremadocianOrdovician 1477.7
CambrianFurongianStage 10Cambrian 5Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan485.4
Sunwaptan487.5
Jiangshanian489.5
Steptoean493 *
Paibian494
MiaolingianGuzhangianCambrian 4MarjumianAlbertian †497
Drumian500.5
WuliuanCambrian 3Topazan504.5
Delamaran506.5
Series 2Stage 4Waucoban †509
Dyeran511 *
Stage 3Cambrian 2514
Montezuman514.8 *
Begadean519.9 *
TerreneuvianStage 2521
FortunianCambrian 1529
538.8