PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127914 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cambrian of Britain		Permian Subages of Germany	Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia			Cambrian of North America		Carboniferous of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6													0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene		Nihewanian										0.0117
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene												0.129
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene												0.774
		Gelasian		Early Pleistocene												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene		Yushean										2.58
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene		Yushean										3.6
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene		Baodean										4.9
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene												5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Tortonian				Tunggurian										11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5	Middle Miocene		Tunggurian										11.63
		Langhian		Middle Miocene		Shanwangian										13.82
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene		Shanwangian										15.98
		Burdigalian				Xiejiaan										16.9
		Aquitanian				Xiejiaan										20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4	Late Oligocene												23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4	Early Oligocene												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3	Late Eocene												33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3	Middle Eocene												37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2	Middle Eocene												41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2	Early Eocene												47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1	Late Paleocene												56
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene												59.2
		Danian		Early Paleocene												61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8													66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7													72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6													83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4													100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3													113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2													121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2													125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1													132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6													145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5													149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4													165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4													168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3													174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2													184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1													192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1													199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4													201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4													208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3													227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2													237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2													242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1													247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1													251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4						Buntsandstein							251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							Buntsandstein							254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							Ohre/Aller							259.51
		Wordian							Leine							264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3													266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2													273.01
		Artinskian														283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1		Bursumian †		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5		Virgilian		298.9
		Kasimovian			Missourian		303.7
		Kasimovian			Desmoinesian		305.9 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4		Desmoinesian		307
		Moscovian			Atokan		312.7 *
		Bashkirian			Atokan		315.2
		Bashkirian			Morrowan		318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3		Chesterian		323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2		Chesterian		330.9
					Meramecian		335.8 *
					Osagean		343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Osagean		346.7
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Kinderhookian		351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4				Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3				Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3			Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2			Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1			Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1			Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5	Kosovian			443.8
		Katian		Kralodvorian			Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian		Berounian				449.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4					453
								Zahorany †/Vinice		Letna †	456.2 *
							Liben †				458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3								458.4
				Dobrotivian							458.5 *
				Oretanian							459.7 *
							Sarka †				461.7 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2				Klabava †				467.3
		Dapingian		Arenigian							468
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Arenigian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	Ungurian			Tremadocian					477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5	Batyrbaian			Merioneth					Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
												Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		Sunwaptan	487.5
												Festiniogian			489.2 *
		Jiangshanian													489.5
				Aksaian											490.7 *
				Sakian											492.2 *
														Steptoean	493 *
												Maentwrogian			493.1 *
		Paibian										Maentwrogian			494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	Ayusokkanian			St Davids						Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian													499.5
		Drumian		Zhanaarykian											500.5
		Drumian		Tuesaian											503
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	Tuesaian									Topazan		504.5
													Topazan		505.3
													Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4					Caerfai							Waucoban †	509
				Toyonian					510 *
				Toyonian					Dyeran				511 *
				Botomian									512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2										514
									Montezuman				514.8 *
				Atdabanian					Montezuman				515.6 *
				Atdabanian					Begadean				519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian									521
		Stage 2											525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1										529
																538.8