PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127777 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Siberia			Carboniferous Subepochs	Carboniferous of North America	Silurian of England		Central Paratethys Stages	European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6											0
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene										0.0117
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene										0.129
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene										0.774
		Gelasian		Early Pleistocene										1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene									Villanyian	2.58
		Piacenzian		Late Pliocene									Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene									Ruscinian	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene									Turolian	5.333
		Tortonian										Pannonian	Turolian	7.246
		Tortonian										Pannonian	Vallesian	8.7
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5	Middle Miocene								Sarmatian	Astaracian	11.63
		Serravallian										Badenian		12.8 *
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene									Orleanian	15.98
		Burdigalian											Agenian	20
		Aquitanian											Agenian	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4	Late Oligocene										23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4	Early Oligocene										27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3	Late Eocene										33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3	Middle Eocene										37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2	Middle Eocene										41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2	Early Eocene										47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1	Late Paleocene										56
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene										59.2
		Danian		Early Paleocene										61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8											66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7											72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6											83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4											100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3											113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2											121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2											125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1											132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6											145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5											149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4											165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4											168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3											174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2											184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1											192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1											199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4											201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4											208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3											227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2											237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2											242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1											247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1											251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4											251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian												254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian												259.51
		Wordian												264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3											266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2											273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1		Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5		Late Pennsylvanian	Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian				Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian				Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4		Middle Pennsylvanian	Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian			Middle Pennsylvanian	Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian	Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian			Early Pennsylvanian	Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3		Late Mississippian	Chesterian	323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2		Middle Mississippian	Chesterian	330.9
						Meramecian	335.8 *
						Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Early Mississippian	Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Early Mississippian	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4				Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3				Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3				Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1				Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1				Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2				Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine	419.2
	Pridoli						Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton	421.3
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood	423
		Gorstian							425.6
		Gorstian						Buildwas	426.4 *
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4				Buildwas
		Homerian		Wych			Woolhope	428.4 *
		Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1					433.4
		Telychian						436.3 *
		Aeronian						438.5
		Aeronian		Cowleigh Park				439.3 *
		Rhuddanian		Cowleigh Park				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5					443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5					445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4					453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3					458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2					467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2					470
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1					477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1					Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5					Batyrbaian	Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Late Cambrian	485.4
		Jiangshanian						Batyrbaian				489.5
								Aksaian				490.7 *
								Sakian				492.2 *
		Paibian										494
		Paibian								Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4					Ayusokkanian			Middle Cambrian	497
		Guzhangian						Mayan/Menevian				499.5
		Drumian						Mayan/Menevian				500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3					Amgan/Solvan				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4						Amgan/Solvan			Early Cambrian	509
								Toyonian	Lenian †			510 *
								Botomian				512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2					Botomian				514
		Stage 3						Atdabanian				515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						Tommotian				521
		Stage 2						Nemakit-Daldynian				525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1					Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †			529
														538.8