PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Siberia			Cambrian of China		Silurian of the Baltic	Ordovician of the Baltic				Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Cambrian of North America		Carboniferous of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6																	0
		Northgrippian																		0.0042
		Greenlandian																		0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene																0.0117
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene																0.129
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene																0.774
		Gelasian		Early Pleistocene																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene																2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean		Early Pliocene																3.6
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene																5.333
		Tortonian		Late Miocene																7.246
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5	Middle Miocene																11.63
		Langhian		Middle Miocene																13.82
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene																15.98
		Aquitanian		Early Miocene																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4	Late Oligocene											Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4	Early Oligocene											Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3	Late Eocene											Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3	Middle Eocene											Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan					37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2	Middle Eocene																41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2	Early Eocene												Bumbanian				47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1	Late Paleocene											Gashatan					56
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene																59.2
		Danian		Early Paleocene																61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8																	66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7																	72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6																	83.6
		Coniacian																		86.3
		Turonian																		89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5																	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4																	100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3																	113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2																	121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2																	125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1																	132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1																	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6																	145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5																	149.2
		Oxfordian																		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																		161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4																	165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4																	168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3																	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3																	174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2																	184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1																	192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1																	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4																	201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4																	208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3																	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2																	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2																	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1																	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1																	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4																	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian																		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian																		259.51
		Wordian																		264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3																	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2																	273.01
		Artinskian																		283.5
		Sakmarian																		290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1																Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5																Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian			Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian			Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4		Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian			Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian			Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian			Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3		Chesterian	323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2		Chesterian	330.9
					Meramecian	335.8 *
					Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5			Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4			Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3			Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3			Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2			Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1			Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1			Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2			Ohesaare		419.2
	Pridoli					Kaugetuma		421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				Kuressaare		423
		Ludfordian				Paadla		423.4 *
		Gorstian				Paadla		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula		427.4
		Homerian		Jaagarahu		429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu		430.5
		Sheinwoodian		Jaani		431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1	Jaani		433.4
		Telychian		Adavere		434 *
		Aeronian		Adavere		438.5
		Aeronian		Raikkula		439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		Raikkula		440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru		441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			Harju		Porkuni	443.8
		Katian						Pirgu	445.2
								Vormsi	449.6 *
								Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
						Viru		Rakvere		450.6 *
								Oandu		452 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4					Keila	Idavere †	453
								Haljala		453.9
								Kukruse		456.4 *
								Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3					Uhaku		458.4
								Lasnamagi		458.9 *
								Aseri		460.4 *
						Oeland		Kunda		462.9 *
								Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
								Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2					Volkhov			467.3
		Dapingian						Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian									470
									Latorp †		470.1 *
								Hunneberg			473.7 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1					Hunneberg			477.7
								Varangu			481.3 *
								Pakerort			482.2 *
											Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5						Batyrbaian		Tavgian †	Ketyan †/Yurakian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
																	486.3 *
																	486.5
																	Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian											Jiangshanian					489.5
									Aksaian									490.7 *
									Sakian									492.2 *
																	Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian											Paibian					494
												Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian						494.7 *
												Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian		Waergangian †/Youshuanian				494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4						Ayusokkanian				Guzhangian	Wangcunian †		Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian							Mayan/Menevian				Guzhangian					499.5
		Drumian							Mayan/Menevian				Drumian					500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3						Amgan/Solvan				Wuliuan/Taijangian			Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan											Wuliuan/Taijangian			Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4											Duyunian				Waucoban †	509
					Toyonian				Lenian †		510 *
					Toyonian						Dyeran					511 *
					Botomian											512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2										Nangaoian			514
											Montezuman					514.8 *
					Atdabanian						Montezuman					515.6 *
					Atdabanian						Begadean					519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2			Tommotian		Meishucunian						521
		Stage 2			Nemakit-Daldynian								525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1						Manykaian †				529
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1				Jinnigian		Manykaian †				530.7
																				538.8