PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127731 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ordovician of North America						Permian Subages of Germany	Permian of North America		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Devonian of Eastern North America		Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6																	0
		Northgrippian																		0.0042
		Greenlandian																		0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene															Tarantian	0.0117
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene															Ionian	0.129
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene																0.774
		Gelasian		Early Pleistocene																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene										Tertiary †						2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean		Early Pliocene																3.6
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene																5.333
		Tortonian		Late Miocene																7.246
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5	Middle Miocene																11.63
		Langhian		Middle Miocene																13.82
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene																15.98
		Aquitanian		Early Miocene																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4	Late Oligocene																23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4	Early Oligocene																27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3	Late Eocene																33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3	Middle Eocene																37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2	Middle Eocene																41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2	Early Eocene																47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1	Late Paleocene																56
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene																59.2
		Danian		Early Paleocene																61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8																	66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7																	72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6																	83.6
		Coniacian																		86.3
		Turonian																		89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5																	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4																	100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3																	113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2																	121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2																	125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1																	132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1																	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6																	145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5																	149.2
		Oxfordian																		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																		161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4																	165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4																	168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3																	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3																	174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2																	184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1																	192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1																	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4																	201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4																	208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3																	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2																	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2																	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1																	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1																	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4								Buntsandstein									251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian									Buntsandstein				Longtanian †					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian									Ohre/Aller	Capitanian								259.51
		Wordian									Leine	Wordian								264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3									Roadian								266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2									Leonardian	Cathedralian							273.01
		Kungurian											Hessian							281.9 *
		Artinskian											Hessian							283.5
		Artinskian										Wolfcampian	Lenoxian							286.1 *
		Sakmarian											Lenoxian							290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1		Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5				303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5				Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4				West Fallsian/Sonyean	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3				Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan	Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3				Southwoodian	Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				Sawkillian/Deer Parkian	Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1						407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1						410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1						433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5						Cincinnatian	Gamachian		443.8
		Katian		445.2						Gamachian
				Richmondian						446 *
				Maysvillian						Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian		449.8 *
				Edenian								450.4 *
				Mohawkian					Chatfieldian			451.1 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4						Chatfieldian			453
									Turinian			453.7 *
				Whiterockian						Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3										458.4
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2										467.3
		Dapingian							Rangerian				469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ibexian					Blackhillsian			Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian							Tulean					473.9 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1						Tulean					477.7
									Stairsian					480.3 *
									Skullrockian				Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5						Skullrockian					Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
		Stage 10														Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian														Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian														Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian														Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4											Series 3 †		Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4													Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3												Stage 5 †	Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan													Stage 5 †	Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4														Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4														Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2													Dyeran		514
																Montezuman		514.8 *
																Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2																521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1															529
																				538.8