PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
M. Freudenthal. 2006. Mammal Paleogene zones. personal communication view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Mammal Paleogene Zones		Carboniferous Subepochs	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cambrian of Britain
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6										0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene		Late Pleistocene							Nihewanian		0.0117
		Chibanian		Middle Pleistocene									0.129
		Calabrian		Early Pleistocene									0.774
		Gelasian		Early Pleistocene									1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian		Late Pliocene							Yushean		2.58
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene							Yushean		3.6
		Zanclean		Early Pliocene							Baodean		4.9
	Miocene	Messinian		Late Miocene									5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Tortonian									Tunggurian		11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5	Middle Miocene							Tunggurian		11.63
		Langhian		Middle Miocene							Shanwangian		13.82
		Burdigalian		Early Miocene							Shanwangian		15.98
		Burdigalian									Xiejiaan		16.9
		Aquitanian									Xiejiaan		20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4	Late Oligocene				MP 30/MP 29/MP 28/MP 27/MP 26	MP 25				23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4	Early Oligocene				MP 24/MP 23/MP 22/MP 21	MP 25				27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3	Late Eocene				MP 20/MP 19/MP 18/MP 17B/MP 17A					33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3	Middle Eocene				MP 16					37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2	Middle Eocene				MP 15/MP 14/MP 13/MP 12/MP 11					41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2	Early Eocene				MP 10/MP 8 + 9/MP 7					47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1	Late Paleocene				MP 6	MP 1 - 5				56
		Selandian		Middle Paleocene									59.2
		Danian		Early Paleocene									61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8										66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7										72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6										83.6
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4										100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3										113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2										121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2										125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1										132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1										139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6										145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5										149.2
		Oxfordian											154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4										165.3
		Bajocian			Epizigzagiceras								168.2
		Bajocian			Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense								168.4
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3		Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni								170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian			Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta								174.7
					Planulata								179.3 *
					Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi						179.8 *
					Kanense								181.3 *
					Carlottense								182.3 *
					Kunae								183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		Kunae								184.2
					Freboldi								185.1 *
					Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras							186.2 *
						Tetraspidoceras							189.2 *
					Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis							190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1										192.9
					Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras						196.4 *
					Franziceras/Euphyllites								196.5 *
		Hettangian			Franziceras/Euphyllites								199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4										201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4										208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3							227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2							237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2							242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1							247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1							251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4							251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								259.51
		Wordian								264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2							273.01
		Artinskian								283.5
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5							Late Pennsylvanian		298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5							Late Pennsylvanian		303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4							Middle Pennsylvanian		307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4							Early Pennsylvanian		315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3							Late Mississippian	323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2							Middle Mississippian	330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1							Early Mississippian	346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3								382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3								387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1					407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2	419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
	Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1	433.4
		Aeronian		438.5
		Rhuddanian		440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5	443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5	445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4	453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2	467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2	470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5	Merioneth				Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10						Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian						Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian						Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian						Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	St Davids					497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4						500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3						504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3	Caerfai					509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2						514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1						529
													538.8