PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127083 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ten Million Year Bins	Cambrian of North America		Silurian of North America			Cambrian of China		Ammonite Chrons of North America			South American Land Mammal Ages		Devonian of Eastern North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6															0
				Northgrippian																0.0042
				Greenlandian																0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												Lujanian				0.0117
				Chibanian												Lujanian				0.129
				Chibanian												Ensenadan				0.3 *
				Calabrian												Ensenadan				0.774
				Calabrian												Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
				Gelasian												Sanandresian				1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												Vorohuean				2.58
				Piacenzian												Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
				Zanclean												Chapadmalalan				3.6
																Montehermosan				3.7 *
																Huayquerian				4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian																5.333
				Tortonian																7.246
																Chasicoan				7.9 *
																Mayoan				9.9 *
																Laventan				10.9 *
				Serravallian	Cenozoic 5											Laventan				11.63
				Serravallian												Colloncuran				13.7 *
				Langhian												Colloncuran				13.82
				Langhian												Friasian				15.4 *
				Burdigalian												Friasian				15.98
																Santacrucian				16.2 *
																Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
				Aquitanian												Colhuehuapian				20.44
				Aquitanian												Deseadan				20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4															23.03
				Rupelian																27.82
				Rupelian												Tinguirirican				28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3											Tinguirirican				33.9
				Priabonian												Divisaderan				35.9 *
				Bartonian																37.71
				Lutetian	Cenozoic 2															41.2
				Lutetian												Mustersan				41.9 *
				Ypresian												Mustersan				47.8
				Ypresian												Casamayoran				47.9 *
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1											Riochican				56
																Itaboraian				56.9 *
																Peligran				58.9 *
				Selandian																59.2
				Danian																61.6
				Danian												Tiupampan				62.4 *
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8															66
				Campanian	Cretaceous 7															72.1
				Santonian	Cretaceous 6															83.6
				Coniacian																86.3
				Turonian																89.8
				Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5															93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4															100.5
				Aptian	Cretaceous 3															113
				Barremian	Cretaceous 2															121.4
				Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2															125.77
				Valanginian	Cretaceous 1															132.6
				Berriasian	Cretaceous 1															139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6															145
				Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5															149.2
				Oxfordian																154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian																161.5
				Bathonian	Jurassic 4															165.3
				Bajocian									Epizigzagiceras							168.2
				Bajocian									Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense							168.4
				Aalenian	Jurassic 3								Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni							170.9
Early Jurassic			Toarcian	Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta		174.7
				Planulata		179.3 *
				Planulata		Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
				Kanense			181.3 *
				Carlottense			182.3 *
				Kunae			183.5 *
			Pliensbachian	Kunae	Jurassic 2		184.2
				Freboldi			185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi			Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
							Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras			Canadensis	190.3 *
			Sinemurian		Jurassic 1			192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras		196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites				196.5 *
			Hettangian	Franziceras/Euphyllites				199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4				201.4
			Norian	Triassic 4				208.5
			Carnian	Triassic 3				227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2				237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2				242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1				247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1				251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4				251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
			Wordian					264.28
			Roadian	Permian 3				266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2				273.01
			Artinskian					283.5
			Sakmarian					290.1
			Asselian	Permian 1				Bursumian †	293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				Virgilian	298.9
			Kasimovian					Missourian	303.7
			Kasimovian					Desmoinesian	305.9 *
			Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				Desmoinesian	307
			Moscovian					Atokan	312.7 *
			Bashkirian					Atokan	315.2
			Bashkirian					Morrowan	318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				Chesterian	323.2
			Visean	Carboniferous 2				Chesterian	330.9
								Meramecian	335.8 *
								Osagean	343.1 *
			Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				Osagean	346.7
			Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				Kinderhookian	351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5				Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4				West Fallsian/Sonyean		Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3				Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3				Southwoodian		Cazenovian	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian	Devonian 1							Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian	Devonian 1							Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2						Cayugan			419.2
		Pridoli								Niagaran			422.5 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian										423
		Ludlow	Gorstian										425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian										Lockportian	427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian											430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1									Ontarian	433.4
			Aeronian											438.5
														Alexandrian	438.7 *
										Medinan			Clinton		440.1 *
															440.7 *
			Rhuddanian												440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5											443.8
			Katian	Ordovician 5											445.2
			Sandbian	Ordovician 4											453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3											458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2											467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2											470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1											477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5											Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †	485.4
			Stage 10													Niuchehean		Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian													Jiangshanian		Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian													Jiangshanian		Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian													Paibian			494
			Paibian													Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian		494.9 *
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4											Marjumian	Albertian †	Guzhangian	Wangcunian †	497
			Drumian	Cambrian 4			Drumian								Marjumian		500.5	Wangcunian †
			Wuliuan	Cambrian 3			Topazan								Wuliuan/Taijangian			504.5
			Wuliuan		Delamaran	506.5									Wuliuan/Taijangian
		Series 2	Stage 4		Delamaran	Waucoban †	Duyunian								509
			Stage 4		Dyeran		Duyunian								511 *
			Stage 3	Cambrian 2	Dyeran		Nangaoian								514
					Montezuman										514.8 *
					Begadean										519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2				Meishucunian								521
Fortunian			Cambrian 1	529			Meishucunian
Fortunian			Cambrian 1	Jinnigian			530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran														Vendian		538.8
		Cryogenian																635
		Tonian																720
		Tonian														Karatau		800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian														Karatau		1000
		Stenian														Yurmatian		1100
		Ectasian														Yurmatian		1200
		Ectasian														Burzyan		1375
																				1400