PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126848 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	Permian of North America		Ammonite Chrons of North America			Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Central Paratethys Stages	Mesozoic Subages		Cretaceous Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6															0
		Northgrippian																0.0042
		Greenlandian																0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																0.0117
		Chibanian																0.129
		Calabrian																0.774
		Gelasian																1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean																3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																5.333
		Tortonian												Pannonian				7.246
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5											Sarmatian				11.63
		Serravallian												Badenian				12.8 *
		Langhian																13.82
		Burdigalian																15.98
		Aquitanian																20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4															23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4															27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3															33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3															37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2															41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2															47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1															56
		Selandian																59.2
		Danian																61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8												Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		Senonian	66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7												Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6												Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian													Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian													Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5												Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4												Late Albian		Gallic	100.5
															Middle Albian			106.2 *
															Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3												Late Aptian			113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3												Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2												Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2												Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		Neocomian	125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1												Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian													Late Berriasian			139.8
															Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
															Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6												Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6												Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5												Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian													Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian													Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian														Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4												Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian					Epizigzagiceras								Late Bajocian			168.2
							Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense								Late Bajocian			168.4
							Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense								Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3				Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni								Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta								Late Toarcian			174.7
							Planulata											179.3 *
									Arnioceras arnouldi									179.8 *
															Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
							Kanense											181.3 *
							Carlottense											182.3 *
							Carlottense								Early Toarcian			182.9 *
							Kunae								Early Toarcian			183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2				Kunae								Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
							Freboldi											185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
					Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian	192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras			Psiloceras	196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites				196.5 *
		Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4					201.4
		Norian					Sevatian	208.5
							Alaunian	213.2 *
							Lacian	216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3				Tuvalian	227
		Carnian	Triassic 3				Julian	233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2				Longobardian	237
		Ladinian					Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian					Illyrian	242
							Pelsonian	243.8 *
							Bithynian	244.7 *
							Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1				Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian					Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan					Dienerian	251.2
							Griesbachian	251.4 *
							Griesbachian	Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4					Kathwai	251.902
									252.4 *
								Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian						Chhidru	254.14
								Kalabagh	255 *
								Wargal	256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian							Capitanian	259.51
		Wordian							Wordian	264.28
										265.3 *
								Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian	Permian 3					Amb	Roadian	266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3						Roadian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2						Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
		Kungurian								Hessian	281.9 *
		Artinskian								Hessian	283.5
		Artinskian							Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian								Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1							Nealian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5								298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5								303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4								307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4								315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3								323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2								330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1								346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5								358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4								372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3								382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3								387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2								393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1								407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1								410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1								433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5								Kosovian	443.8
		Katian									Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian									Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4										453
													Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
					Liben †								458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3										458.4
				Dobrotivian		458.5 *
				Oretanian		459.7 *
					Sarka †						461.7 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2		Klabava †						467.3
		Dapingian		Arenigian							468
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Arenigian							470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	Ungurian	Tremadocian								477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5	Batyrbaian									Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10												Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian													489.5
				Aksaian											490.7 *
				Sakian											492.2 *
														Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian												Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	Ayusokkanian									Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian													499.5
		Drumian		Zhanaarykian											500.5
		Drumian		Tuesaian			503
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	Tuesaian			Topazan						504.5
							Topazan						505.3
							Delamaran						506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4											Waucoban †	509
				Toyonian										510 *
				Toyonian			Dyeran							511 *
				Botomian										512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2											514
							Montezuman							514.8 *
				Atdabanian			Montezuman							515.6 *
				Atdabanian			Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian				521
		Stage 2						525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1					529
																		538.8