PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ten Million Year Bins	Cambrian of China		Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Ordovician of North America						North American Land Mammal Ages	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6										Saintaugustinean			0
				Meghalayan											Santarosean			0.0004
				Northgrippian														0.0042
				Greenlandian														0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
				Late Pleistocene											Rancholabrean			0.014
				Chibanian											Rancholabrean			0.129
				Chibanian											Irvingtonian			0.21
				Calabrian											Irvingtonian			0.774
				Calabrian											Blancan			1.4
				Gelasian														1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														2.58
				Zanclean														3.6
				Zanclean											Hemphillian			4.7
			Miocene	Messinian														5.333
				Tortonian														7.246
				Tortonian											Clarendonian			9.4
				Serravallian	Cenozoic 5										Clarendonian			11.63
				Serravallian											Barstovian			12.5
				Langhian														13.82
				Burdigalian														15.98
															Hemingfordian			16.3
															Arikareean			18.5
				Aquitanian														20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4													23.03
				Rupelian														27.82
															Whitneyan			29.5
															Orellan			31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3										Chadronian			33.9
				Priabonian											Duchesnean			37
				Bartonian											Duchesnean			37.71
				Bartonian											Uintan			39.7
				Lutetian	Cenozoic 2										Uintan			41.2
				Lutetian											Bridgerian			46.2
				Ypresian											Bridgerian			47.8
															Wasatchian			50.5
															Clarkforkian			54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1										Clarkforkian			56
				Thanetian											Tiffanian			56.2
				Selandian											Tiffanian			59.2
				Selandian											Torrejonian			60.9
				Danian											Torrejonian			61.6
				Danian											Puercan			63.8
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8													66
				Campanian	Cretaceous 7													72.1
				Santonian	Cretaceous 6													83.6
				Coniacian														86.3
				Turonian														89.8
				Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5													93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4													100.5
				Aptian	Cretaceous 3													113
				Barremian	Cretaceous 2													121.4
				Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2													125.77
				Valanginian	Cretaceous 1													132.6
				Berriasian	Cretaceous 1													139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6													145
				Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5													149.2
				Oxfordian														154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
				Bathonian	Jurassic 4													165.3
				Bajocian												Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites		168.2
				Bajocian													Humphresianum	168.4
				Aalenian	Jurassic 3											Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian												Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
						180.1										Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons
						Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum	182
				Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni	184.2
				Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi	192.9
				Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis	199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4		201.4
				Norian	Triassic 4		208.5
				Carnian	Triassic 3		227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2		237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2		242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1		247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1		251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
				Wordian			264.28
				Roadian	Permian 3		266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2		273.01
				Artinskian			283.5
				Sakmarian			290.1
				Asselian	Permian 1		293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5		Mapingian †	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
				Kasimovian			Mapingian †		303.7
				Kasimovian					305.9
				Moscovian	Carboniferous 4			Middle Pennsylvanian	307
				Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4			Early Pennsylvanian	315.2
			Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3			Late Mississippian	323.2
				Visean	Carboniferous 2			Middle Mississippian	330.9
				Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1			Early Mississippian	346.7
		Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5				358.9
			Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4				372.2
			Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3				382.7
			Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3				387.7
			Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				393.3
				Pragian	Devonian 1				407.6
				Lochkovian	Devonian 1				410.8
		Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2				419.2
			Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
			Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
			Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
			Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
			Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1				433.4
				Aeronian					438.5
				Rhuddanian					440.8
		Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5				Cincinnatian	Gamachian	443.8
				Katian						Gamachian	445.2
										Richmondian	446 *
										Maysvillian	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
										Edenian		450.4 *
									Mohawkian	Chatfieldian		451.1 *
				Sandbian	Ordovician 4					Chatfieldian		453
										Turinian		453.7 *
									Whiterockian		Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
			Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3								458.4
				Dapingian	Ordovician 2								467.3
				Dapingian						Rangerian			469.1 *
			Early Ordovician	Floian					Ibexian	Blackhillsian		Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
				Floian						Tulean				473.9 *
				Tremadocian	Ordovician 1					Tulean				477.7
										Stairsian				480.3 *
										Skullrockian			Demingian †	482 *
		Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5					Skullrockian	Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †			Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
				Stage 10							Niuchehean					Sunwaptan	487.5
				Jiangshanian							Jiangshanian					Sunwaptan	489.5
Steptoean				Jiangshanian							Jiangshanian					493 *
				Paibian							Paibian					494
				Paibian							Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian				494.9 *
Miaolingian			Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	Guzhangian						Wangcunian †	Marjumian			Albertian †	497
			Drumian	Cambrian 4	Drumian						Wangcunian †	Marjumian				500.5
			Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	Wuliuan/Taijangian						Topazan	504.5
			Wuliuan		Wuliuan/Taijangian						Delamaran	506.5
Series 2			Stage 4		Duyunian						Delamaran	Waucoban †			509
			Stage 4		Duyunian						Dyeran				511 *
			Stage 3	Cambrian 2	Nangaoian						Dyeran				514
											Montezuman				514.8 *
											Begadean				519.9 *
Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Meishucunian		521
	Fortunian		Meishucunian	Cambrian 1	529
	Fortunian		Jinnigian	Cambrian 1	530.7
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran														538.8
		Cryogenian														635
		Tonian														720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian														1000
		Ectasian														1200
		Calymmian														1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian														1600
		Orosirian														1800
		Rhyacian					2050
		Siderian					2300
Archean	Neoarchean						2500
	Mesoarchean						2800
	Paleoarchean						3200
	Eoarchean						3600
Hadean							4000
																		4600