PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Ordovician of North America						Permian of Western Europe			Ordovician of the Baltic				Mesozoic Subages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6																0
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene																	0.0117
		Chibanian																	0.129
		Calabrian																	0.774
		Gelasian																	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian																	2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean																	3.6
	Miocene	Messinian																	5.333
		Tortonian																	7.246
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5																11.63
		Langhian																	13.82
		Burdigalian																	15.98
		Aquitanian																	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4																23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4																27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3																33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3																37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2																41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2																47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1																56
		Selandian																	59.2
		Danian																	61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8														Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian		66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7														Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian		72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6														Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian		83.6
		Coniacian															Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian		86.3
		Turonian															Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian		89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5														Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian		93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4														Late Albian		100.5
																	Middle Albian		106.2 *
																	Early Albian		109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3														Late Aptian		113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3														Early Aptian		119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2														Late Barremian/Early Barremian		121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2														Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian		125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1														Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian		132.6
		Berriasian															Late Berriasian		139.8
																	Middle Berriasian		140.6 *
																	Early Berriasian		142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6														Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6														Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian	146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5														Late Kimmeridgian		149.2
		Kimmeridgian															Early Kimmeridgian		152.2 *
		Oxfordian															Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian																Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian															Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4														Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian															Late Bajocian		168.2
		Bajocian															Early Bajocian		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3														Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian															Late Toarcian		174.7
																	Middle Toarcian		180.4 *
																	Early Toarcian		182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2														Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1														Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1														Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4																201.4
		Norian															Sevatian		208.5
																	Alaunian		213.2 *
																	Lacian		216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3														Tuvalian		227
		Carnian	Triassic 3														Julian		233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian		Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian	251.2
				Griesbachian	251.4 *
				Griesbachian	Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		Kathwai	251.902
						252.4 *
					Chhidru	252.9 *
		Wuchiapingian			Chhidru	Zechstein	254.14
					Kalabagh		255 *
					Wargal		256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian					264.28
							265.3 *
					Amb		266.1 *
		Roadian	Permian 3		Amb		266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3				270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2				273.01
		Artinskian				Autunian	283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5				303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1				407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2				Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli						Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1					Ontarian	433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
									Alexandrian	438.7 *
							Medinan	Clinton		440.1 *
										440.7 *
		Rhuddanian								440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5				Cincinnatian		Gamachian		Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian							Gamachian			Pirgu	445.2
									Richmondian			Pirgu	446 *
									Richmondian			Vormsi	449.6 *
									Maysvillian			Vormsi	Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
									Maysvillian			Nabala		Johvi †	450 *
									Edenian			Nabala			450.4 *
									Edenian		Viru	Rakvere			450.6 *
							Mohawkian		Chatfieldian			Rakvere			451.1 *
												Oandu			452 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4									Keila		Idavere †	453
									Turinian			Keila			453.7 *
												Haljala			453.9
												Kukruse			456.4 *
							Whiterockian					Kukruse	Canadian †		Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
												Uhaku		Aluoja †		457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3									Uhaku				458.4
												Lasnamagi				458.9 *
												Aseri				460.4 *
											Oeland	Kunda				462.9 *
												Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum		464.3 *
												Volkhov				Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2	467.3
				Rangerian					469.1 *
				Rangerian					Billingen			469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ibexian			Blackhillsian					Jeffersonian †			Cassinian †		470
														Latorp †			470.1 *
									Hunneberg								473.7 *
							Tulean										473.9 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1				Tulean										477.7
							Stairsian										480.3 *
							Stairsian		Varangu								481.3 *
							Skullrockian		Varangu						Demingian †		482 *
					Pakerort				482.2 *						Demingian †
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5		Pakerort										485.4
															486.3 *
															486.5
															487.5
		Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian				494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4			497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4			500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3			504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3			509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2			514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2			521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1			529
																			538.8