PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

Show more time

Show linear time

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Ordovician of North America						Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs	Ammonite Chrons of North America			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		North American Land Mammal Ages	Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6														Saintaugustinean		0
		Meghalayan															Santarosean		0.0004
		Northgrippian																	0.0042
		Greenlandian																	0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene							Tarantian	0.0117
		Late Pleistocene									Late Pleistocene						Rancholabrean	Tarantian	0.014
		Chibanian									Middle Pleistocene						Rancholabrean	Ionian	0.129
		Chibanian									Middle Pleistocene						Irvingtonian	Ionian	0.21
		Calabrian									Early Pleistocene						Irvingtonian		0.774
		Calabrian															Blancan		1.4
		Gelasian																	1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Late Pliocene								2.58
		Zanclean									Early Pliocene								3.6
		Zanclean									Early Pliocene						Hemphillian		4.7
	Miocene	Messinian									Late Miocene								5.333
		Tortonian																	7.246
		Tortonian															Clarendonian		9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5								Middle Miocene						Clarendonian		11.63
		Serravallian															Barstovian		12.5
		Langhian																	13.82
		Burdigalian									Early Miocene								15.98
																	Hemingfordian		16.3
																	Arikareean		18.5
		Aquitanian																	20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4								Late Oligocene				Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian			23.03
		Rupelian									Early Oligocene				Kekeamuan				27.82
																	Whitneyan		29.5
																	Orellan		31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3								Late Eocene				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Chadronian		33.9
		Priabonian									Late Eocene				Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		Duchesnean		37
		Bartonian									Middle Eocene				Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		Duchesnean		37.71
		Bartonian															Uintan		39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2														Uintan		41.2
		Lutetian															Bridgerian		46.2
		Ypresian									Early Eocene					Bumbanian	Bridgerian		47.8
																	Wasatchian		50.5
																	Clarkforkian		54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1								Late Paleocene				Gashatan		Clarkforkian		56
		Thanetian									Late Paleocene				Gashatan		Tiffanian		56.2
		Selandian									Middle Paleocene						Tiffanian		59.2
		Selandian									Middle Paleocene						Torrejonian		60.9
		Danian									Early Paleocene						Torrejonian		61.6
		Danian									Early Paleocene						Puercan		63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8							Lancian/Edmontonian									66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7							Judithian/Aquilan									72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6																83.6
		Coniacian																	86.3
		Turonian																	89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5																93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4																100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3																113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2																121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2																125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1																132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1																139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6																145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5																149.2
		Oxfordian																	154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																	161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4																165.3
		Bajocian										Epizigzagiceras							168.2
		Bajocian										Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense							168.4
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3									Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta							174.7
				Planulata	179.3 *
				Planulata	Arnioceras arnouldi	179.8 *
				Kanense		181.3 *
				Carlottense		182.3 *
				Kunae		183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Kunae		184.2
				Freboldi		185.1 *
				Whiteavesi/Imlayi		Tetraspidoceras	186.2 *
						Tetraspidoceras	189.2 *
				Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras		Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1				192.9
				Pseudaetomoceras	Psiloceras		196.4 *
				Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4				201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4				208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3				227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2				237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2				242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1				247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1				251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4				251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian					254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian					259.51
		Wordian					264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3				266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2				273.01
		Artinskian					283.5
		Sakmarian					290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1				293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5				303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4				315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5				358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4				372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3				382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3				387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1				407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1				410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2				Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli						Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					Kuressaare	423
		Ludfordian					Paadla	423.4 *
		Gorstian					Paadla	425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					Rootsikula	427.4
		Homerian					Jaagarahu	429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian					Jaagarahu	430.5
		Sheinwoodian					Jaani	431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1				Jaani	433.4
		Telychian					Adavere	434 *
		Aeronian					Adavere	438.5
		Aeronian					Raikkula	439.4 *
		Rhuddanian					Raikkula	440.8
		Rhuddanian					Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5				Cincinnatian	Gamachian	Ashgill	Hirnantian		443.8
		Katian						Gamachian		Rawtheyan		445.2
								Richmondian		Rawtheyan		446 *
										Cautleyan		448.9 *
										Pusgillian		449.3 *
									Caradoc	Streffordian		Onnian †	449.6 *
								Maysvillian					Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
								Edenian						450.4 *
							Mohawkian	Chatfieldian						451.1 *
										Cheneyan				451.5 *
										Burrellian				452.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4											453
												Actonian †		453.2 *
								Turinian				Actonian †		453.7 *
												Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
												Longvillian †			455.2 *
										Aurelucian					456.8 *
						Whiterockian		Canadian †					Chazyan †/Marmor		457 *
												Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn					458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					461.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn					467.3
				Arenig	Fennian					468.4 *
							Rangerian			469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian				Ibexian	Blackhillsian			Jeffersonian †		Cassinian †	470
					Whitlandian		Blackhillsian						471.1 *
					Whitlandian		Tulean						473.9 *
					Moridunian								474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	Tremadoc	Migneintian								477.7
					Migneintian		Stairsian						480.3 *
					Cressagian		Stairsian						480.8 *
					Cressagian		Skullrockian					Demingian †	482 *
												Demingian †	485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5										485.4
		Stage 10											487.5
		Jiangshanian											489.5
		Paibian											494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4										497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4										500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3										504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3										509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2										514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1										529
																			538.8