PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126778 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Ordovician of China			Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Kazakhstan	European Faunal Zones	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Permian of the Russian Platform		Cambrian of North America	Central Paratethys Stages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6												0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene								0.129
		Calabrian					Early Pleistocene								0.774
		Gelasian					Early Pleistocene		MN 17						1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Late Pliocene		MN 16						2.58
		Piacenzian					Late Pliocene		MN 15						3.2
		Zanclean					Early Pliocene		MN 15						3.6
									MN 14						4.2
									MN 13						4.9
	Miocene	Messinian					Late Miocene		MN 13						5.333
		Tortonian							MN 12					Pannonian	7.246
									MN 11						7.75
									MN 10						8.7
									MN 9						9.7
									MN 7 + 8						11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5				Middle Miocene		MN 7 + 8					Sarmatian	11.63
		Serravallian							MN 6					Badenian	12.8 *
		Langhian							MN 5						13.82
		Burdigalian					Early Miocene		MN 4						15.98
									MN 3						16.9
									MN 2						20
		Aquitanian							MN 2						20.44
		Aquitanian							MN 1						22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4				Late Oligocene								23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4				Early Oligocene								27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3				Late Eocene								33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3				Middle Eocene								37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2				Middle Eocene								41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2				Early Eocene								47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1				Late Paleocene								56
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene								59.2
		Danian					Early Paleocene								61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8							Lancian/Edmontonian					66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7							Judithian/Aquilan					72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6												83.6
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4												100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3												113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2												121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2												125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1												132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1												139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6												145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5												149.2
		Oxfordian													154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian													161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4												165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4												168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3												170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3												174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2												184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1												192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1												199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4												201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4												208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3												227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2												237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2												242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1												247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	251.902
		Wuchiapingian		254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Tatarian	Vyatkian	256.8 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian			Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3	Kazanian	Povolzhian	266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3	Kazanian	Sokian	270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2	Kungurian	Irenian/Ufimian	273.01
					Filipovian	276.5 *
					Saraninian	280.1 *
		Artinskian		Artinskian	Sarginian	283.5
					Irginian	285.9 *
					Burtsevian	287.8 *
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Sterlitamakian	290.1
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian	Tastubian	291.7 *
		Asselian	Permian 1	Asselian	Shikhanian	293.52
					Uskalykian	294.8
					Surenian	297.5
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5			298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5			303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4			307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3			323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2			330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2			393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1			407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1			433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			Hirnantian	Xiaoxita †/Shikou	Wufeng †	443.8
		Katian				Chientangkiangian		Wufeng †	445.2
		Katian				Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			449.5
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4			Neichianshanian/Hanjiang			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			Darriwilian	Guniu †/Hulo		458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			Darriwilian	Hunjiang †	Dawan †/Daobaowan/Ningkuo	466.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2			Dapingian			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2			Yiyangian			470
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			Xinchangian			Ungurian	477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			Xinchangian		Lianghekou †	Ungurian	477.9 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5						Batyrbaian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	Late Cambrian	485.4
		Stage 10										Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian											489.5
									Aksaian				490.7 *
									Sakian				492.2 *
												Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian										Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4						Ayusokkanian	Marjumian	Albertian †	Middle Cambrian	497
		Guzhangian											499.5
		Drumian							Zhanaarykian				500.5
		Drumian							Tuesaian				503
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3						Tuesaian	Topazan			504.5
										Topazan			505.3
										Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Waucoban †	Early Cambrian	509
									Toyonian				510 *
									Toyonian	Dyeran			511 *
									Botomian				512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2										514
										Montezuman			514.8 *
									Atdabanian	Montezuman			515.6 *
									Atdabanian	Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2							Tommotian				521
		Stage 2											525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1										529
															538.8