PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
M. Harzhauser and W. E. Piller. 2004. Integrated stratigraphy of the Sarmatian (Upper Middle Miocene) in the western Central Paratethys. Stratigraphy 1(1):65-86 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127684 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Ordovician of Britain				Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia				Cenozoic Subepochs	Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Central Paratethys Stages	Ordovician of the Baltic
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6																	0
		Northgrippian																		0.0042
		Greenlandian																		0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene										Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Chibanian										Middle Pleistocene								0.129
		Calabrian										Early Pleistocene								0.774
		Gelasian										Early Pleistocene								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Late Pliocene								2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean										Early Pliocene								3.6
	Miocene	Messinian										Late Miocene								5.333
		Tortonian										Late Miocene			Pannonian					7.246
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5									Middle Miocene			Sarmatian					11.63
		Serravallian													Badenian					12.8 *
		Langhian																		13.82
		Burdigalian										Early Miocene								15.98
		Aquitanian										Early Miocene								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4									Late Oligocene								23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4									Early Oligocene								27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3									Late Eocene								33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3									Middle Eocene								37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2									Middle Eocene								41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2									Early Eocene								47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1									Late Paleocene								56
		Selandian										Middle Paleocene								59.2
		Danian										Early Paleocene								61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8																	66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7																	72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6																	83.6
		Coniacian																		86.3
		Turonian																		89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5																	93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4																	100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3																	113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2																	121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2																	125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1																	132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1																	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6										Oteke	Puaroan						145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5										Oteke	Puaroan						149.2
													Kawhia	Ohauan						150
														Heterian						154.5
		Oxfordian																		154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian																		161.5
		Callovian												Temaikan						164.3
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4																	165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4																	168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3																	170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian																		174.7
		Toarcian											Herangi	Ururoan						176
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2											Ururoan						184.2
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2											Aratauran						188.9
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1																	192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1																	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4										Balfour	Otapirian						201.4
		Norian												Warepan						208.5
														Otamitan						217
														Oretian						221
		Carnian	Triassic 3											Oretian						227
		Carnian	Triassic 3										Gore	Kaihikuan						227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2											Kaihikuan						237
		Ladinian												Etalian						238
		Anisian												Etalian						242
		Anisian												Malakovian						246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1											Malakovian						247.2
		Olenekian		Nelsonian	249
		Induan		Nelsonian	251.2
		Induan		DUrville	Makarewan	251.5
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		Makarewan	251.902
		Changhsingian			Waiitian	253.2
		Wuchiapingian			Waiitian	254.14
		Wuchiapingian			Puruhauan	254.2
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Aparima	Flettian	259.51
		Wordian			Flettian	264.28
		Wordian			Barettian	266
		Roadian	Permian 3			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2			273.01
		Kungurian			Mangapirian	276
		Artinskian			Mangapirian	283.5
					Telfordian	285
						288.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5			298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5			303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4			307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3			323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2			330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5			358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4			372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3			382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3			387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2			393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1			407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2			419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian				423
	Ludlow	Gorstian				425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian				427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian				430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1			433.4
		Aeronian				438.5
		Rhuddanian				440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			Ashgill	Hirnantian	Kosovian	Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian					Rawtheyan	Kralodvorian		Bohdalec †	Pirgu	445.2
							Cautleyan					448.9 *
							Pusgillian					449.3 *
						Caradoc	Streffordian				Onnian †	Vormsi	449.6 *
								Berounian				Vormsi	449.7 *
												Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
									Viru			Rakvere		450.6 *
							Cheneyan					Rakvere		451.5 *
							Cheneyan					Oandu		452 *
							Burrellian					Oandu		452.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4									Keila	Idavere †	453
											Actonian †	Keila		453.2 *
											Actonian †	Haljala		453.9
											Marshbrookian †			Woolstonian †	454.2 *
											Longvillian †				455.2 *
															Zahorany †/Vinice	Letna †	456.2 *
												Kukruse					456.4 *
							Aurelucian										456.8 *
											Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian						457.4 *
												Uhaku	Aluoja †				457.5 *
										Liben †							458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn										458.4
								Dobrotivian									458.5 *
								Dobrotivian				Lasnamagi					458.9 *
								Oretanian				Lasnamagi					459.7 *
												Aseri					460.4 *
							Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn										461.3 *
										Sarka †							461.7 *
									Oeland			Kunda					462.9 *
												Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum				464.3 *
												Volkhov					Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2							Klabava †								467.3
								Arenigian										468
						Arenig	Fennian											468.4 *
												Billingen						469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian																470
													Latorp †					470.1 *
							Whitlandian											471.1 *
				Hunneberg	473.7 *		Whitlandian
					Moridunian		474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Tremadoc	Migneintian	Tremadocian			477.7
						Cressagian				480.8 *
				Varangu						481.3 *
				Pakerort						482.2 *
										485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5									Datsonian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan					485.4
																		486.3 *
																		486.5
												Payntonian						486.8 *
												Payntonian						Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian										Iverian						Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian										Iverian						Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian										Idamean						Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4									Mindyallan	Marjumian					Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian										Boomerangian							499
		Drumian										Undillan							500.5
		Drumian										Floran							503
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3									Templetonian	Topazan						504.5
												Templetonian	Delamaran						506.5
												Ordian							507.8 *
	Series 2	Stage 4										Ordian						Waucoban †	509
																			510.8 *
													Dyeran						511 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2										Dyeran						514
													Montezuman						514.8 *
													Begadean						519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2																	521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1																529
																				538.8