PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127777 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Ordovician of Britain				Carboniferous of Western Europe		Carboniferous of North America	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		European Faunal Zones	Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6								Wanganui	Haweran			0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Chibanian													0.129
		Chibanian										Castlecliffian			0.34
		Calabrian										Castlecliffian			0.774
		Calabrian										Nukumaruan			1.63
		Gelasian										Nukumaruan	MN 17		1.8
		Gelasian										Mangapanian	MN 17		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian										Mangapanian	MN 16		2.58
												Waipipian	MN 16		3
													MN 15		3.2
		Zanclean													3.6
												Opoitian			3.7
													MN 14		4.2
													MN 13		4.9
	Miocene	Messinian									Taranaki	Kapitean			5.333
		Messinian										Tongaporutuan			7.2
		Tortonian											MN 12		7.246
													MN 11		7.75
													MN 10		8.7
													MN 9		9.7
											Southland	Waiauan	MN 9		11.04
													MN 7 + 8		11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5										MN 7 + 8		11.63
													MN 6		12.8 *
												Lillburnian	MN 6		13.05
		Langhian										Lillburnian	MN 5		13.82
												Clifdenian			15.1
											Pareora	Altonian			15.9
		Burdigalian											MN 4		15.98
													MN 3		16.9
												Otaian	MN 3		18.7
													MN 2		20
		Aquitanian													20.44
											Landon	Waitakian			21.7
													MN 1		22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4												23.03
												Duntroonian			25.2
												Whaingaroan			27.3
		Rupelian													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3												33.9
											Arnold	Runangan			34.6
												Kaiatan			36.7
		Bartonian										Kaiatan			37.71
		Bartonian										Bortonian			39.1
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2									Bortonian			41.2
											Dannevirke	Porangan			42.6
												Heretaungan			45.7
		Ypresian										Heretaungan			47.8
												Mangaorapan			48.9
												Waipawan			52
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1									Teurian			56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8								Mata	Haumurian			66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7									Haumurian			72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6									Piripauan			83.6
		Santonian									Raukumara	Teratan			86.1
		Coniacian													86.3
		Turonian													89.8
												Mangaotanean			90.5
												Arowhanan			93.7
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5	93.9								Arowhanan
				Clarence	Ngaterian	95.2
					Motuan	99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4		Motuan	100.5
					Urutawan	103.3
				Taitai	Korangan	108.4
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3		Korangan	113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3			117.5
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2			121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2			125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1			132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1			139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6			145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5			149.2
		Oxfordian				154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4			165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4			168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3			174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2			184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1			192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4			201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4			208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3			227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2			237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2			242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1			247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1			251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4			251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2			273.01
		Artinskian				283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1			Bursumian †	293.52
		Asselian	Permian 1			Bursumian †	Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5			Virgilian	Kuzel	298.9
							Stephanian	Stephanian C	300.3 *
								Stephanian B	300.9 *
								Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian				Missourian		Stephanian A	303.7
						Missourian		Cantabrian	305 *
						Desmoinesian			305.9 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4						307
							Westphalian	Westphalian D	307.4 *
								Westphalian C	309.8
						Atokan		Westphalian C	312.7 *
								Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian						Westphalian B	315.2
								Westphalian A	317 *
						Morrowan		Westphalian A	318.4 *
							Namurian	Yeadonian	318.8 *
								Marsdenian	320.2 *
								Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
								Alportian	322 *
								Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3			Chesterian		Chokierian	323.2
								Arnsbergian	324 *
								Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				Warnantian	Brigantian †	330.9
						Meramecian	Warnantian	Brigantian †	335.8 *
							Livian	Asbian †	336.3 *
							Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	340.2 *
						Osagean	Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1			Osagean	Ivorian		346.7
						Kinderhookian	Ivorian		351.9 *
						Kinderhookian	Hastarian		353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4				Adorf		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3				Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3				Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				Emsian		393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1	Siegen			407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1	Gedinnine			410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1				433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5				Ashgill		Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian							Rawtheyan	445.2
									Cautleyan	448.9 *
									Pusgillian	449.3 *
							Caradoc		Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
									Cheneyan		451.5 *
									Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4								453
										Actonian †	453.2 *
										Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
										Longvillian †		455.2 *
									Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
									Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3				Llanvirn		Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2						Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
		Dapingian					Arenig		Fennian			468.4 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Fennian			470
									Whitlandian			471.1 *
									Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1				Tremadoc		Migneintian			477.7
							Tremadoc		Cressagian			480.8 *
												485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5									Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10											Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian											Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian											Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian											Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4									Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4									Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3									Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan										Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4										Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2									Dyeran		514
												Montezuman		514.8 *
												Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1											529
															538.8