PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ten Million Year Bins	Silurian Ages of Europe	Obsolete Names for ICS Units		Silurian of England		Ordovician of Australia	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Cambrian Epochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6										0
				Northgrippian											0.0042
				Greenlandian											0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
				Chibanian											0.129
				Calabrian											0.774
				Gelasian											1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			Tertiary †								2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean											3.6
			Miocene	Messinian											5.333
				Tortonian											7.246
				Serravallian	Cenozoic 5										11.63
				Langhian											13.82
				Burdigalian											15.98
				Aquitanian											20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4										23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4										27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3										33.9
				Bartonian	Cenozoic 3										37.71
				Lutetian	Cenozoic 2										41.2
				Ypresian	Cenozoic 2										47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1										56
				Selandian											59.2
				Danian											61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8										66
				Campanian	Cretaceous 7										72.1
				Santonian	Cretaceous 6										83.6
				Coniacian											86.3
				Turonian											89.8
				Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5										93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4										100.5
				Aptian	Cretaceous 3										113
				Barremian	Cretaceous 2										121.4
				Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2										125.77
				Valanginian	Cretaceous 1										132.6
				Berriasian	Cretaceous 1										139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6										145
				Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5										149.2
				Oxfordian											154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian											161.5
				Bathonian	Jurassic 4										165.3
				Bajocian								Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites			168.2
				Bajocian									Humphresianum		168.4
				Aalenian	Jurassic 3							Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum			170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian								Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense		174.7
												Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons			180.1
												Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			182
				Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2							Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni			184.2
				Sinemurian	Jurassic 1							Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi			192.9
				Hettangian	Jurassic 1							Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis			199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4										201.4
				Norian	Triassic 4										208.5
				Carnian	Triassic 3										227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2										237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2										242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1										247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1										251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4										251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Longtanian †							254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian											259.51
				Wordian											264.28
				Roadian	Permian 3										266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2										273.01
				Artinskian											283.5
Sakmarian				290.1
Asselian				Permian 1	293.52
Carboniferous		Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5	298.9
			Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5	303.7
			Moscovian	Carboniferous 4	307
			Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4	315.2
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3	323.2
			Visean	Carboniferous 2	330.9
			Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	346.7
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5	Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4	Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian	Devonian 1	Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian	Devonian 1	Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian		Pridoli		Silurian 2	Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Whitcliffe/Leintwardine			419.2
		Pridoli			Red Downtonian/Temeside Shales/Downton Castle	Bringewood/Elton			421.3
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		Coalbrookdale	Wenlock (England)/Tickwood			423
			Gorstian						425.6
			Gorstian			Buildwas			426.4 *
		Wenlock	Homerian			Buildwas			Gleedonian	427.4
					Wych	Woolhope			Gleedonian	428.4 *
									Whitwellian	429.7 *
			Sheinwoodian						430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1					433.4
			Telychian						436.3 *
			Aeronian						438.5
			Aeronian		Cowleigh Park				439.3 *
			Rhuddanian		Cowleigh Park				440.8
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5					Bolindian	443.8
			Katian						Bolindian	445.2
									Eastonian	449 *
									Gisbornian	452 *
			Sandbian	Ordovician 4					Gisbornian	453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3					Darriwilian	458.4
			Dapingian	Ordovician 2					Yapeenian	467.3
			Dapingian						Castlemainian	468.5 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian						Chewtonian	470
									Bendigonian	471.8 *
									Lancefieldian	473.5 *
			Tremadocian	Ordovician 1					Lancefieldian	477.7
			Tremadocian	Ordovician 1					Warendian	482.8 *
Cambrian		Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5						Late Cambrian	485.4
			Jiangshanian								489.5
			Paibian								494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4						Series 3 †	Middle Cambrian		497
			Drumian	Cambrian 4									500.5
			Wuliuan	Cambrian 3				Stage 5 †					504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3							Early Cambrian		509
		Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2								514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2								521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1								529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran											Vendian	538.8
		Cryogenian												635
		Tonian												720
		Tonian											Karatau	800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian											Karatau	1000
		Stenian											Yurmatian	1100
		Ectasian											Yurmatian	1200
		Ectasian											Burzyan	1375
															1400