PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Silurian Ages of Europe	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Mesozoic Subages		Cenozoic Subepochs	Cambrian of Britain		Devonian of Eastern North America		Ordovician of Ibero-Bohemia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6													0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Late Pleistocene								0.0117
		Chibanian						Middle Pleistocene								0.129
		Calabrian						Early Pleistocene								0.774
		Gelasian						Early Pleistocene								1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Late Pliocene								2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean						Early Pliocene								3.6
	Miocene	Messinian						Late Miocene								5.333
		Tortonian						Late Miocene								7.246
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5					Middle Miocene								11.63
		Langhian						Middle Miocene								13.82
		Burdigalian						Early Miocene								15.98
		Aquitanian						Early Miocene								20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4					Late Oligocene								23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4					Early Oligocene								27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3					Late Eocene								33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3					Middle Eocene								37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2					Middle Eocene								41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2					Early Eocene								47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1					Late Paleocene								56
		Selandian						Middle Paleocene								59.2
		Danian						Early Paleocene								61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8			Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian										66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7			Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian										72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6			Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian										83.6
		Coniacian				Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian										86.3
		Turonian				Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian										89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5			Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian										93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4			Late Albian										100.5
						Middle Albian										106.2 *
						Early Albian										109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3			Late Aptian										113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3			Early Aptian										119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2			Late Barremian/Early Barremian										121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2			Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian										125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1			Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian										132.6
		Berriasian				Late Berriasian										139.8
						Middle Berriasian										140.6 *
						Early Berriasian										142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6			Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6			Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian									146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5			Late Kimmeridgian										149.2
		Kimmeridgian				Early Kimmeridgian										152.2 *
		Oxfordian				Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									154.8
		Oxfordian					Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian									157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian				Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian										161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4			Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian										165.3
		Bajocian				Late Bajocian										168.2
		Bajocian				Early Bajocian										168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3			Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian										170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Late Toarcian										174.7
						Middle Toarcian										180.4 *
						Early Toarcian										182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2			Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian										184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1			Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian										192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1			Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian										199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4													201.4
		Norian				Sevatian										208.5
						Alaunian										213.2 *
						Lacian										216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3			Tuvalian										227
		Carnian	Triassic 3			Julian										233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian		Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian	Vokhmian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian		248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian		251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian		251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	Melekhovian					251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian				Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian			259.51
		Wordian				Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian			264.28
		Wordian		Noginskian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian			264.9 *
		Roadian	Permian 3			Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2						273.01
		Kungurian		Pavlovoposadian					276.8 *
		Artinskian		Pavlovoposadian					283.5
		Artinskian		Rusavkinian					287.6 *
		Sakmarian							290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1						293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5						Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian		Dorogomilovian						303.7
				Khamovnikian				304.8
				Krevyakinian				305.8 *
				Krevyakinian					305.9
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4	Myachkovian					307
				Podolskian					308.9 *
				Kashirian					311.4 *
				Vereian					313.8
				Melekessian					314.8
		Bashkirian		Melekessian					315.2
				Cheremshanian					316.9 *
				Prikamian					318.6 *
				Severokeltmian					319.9 *
				Krasnopolyanian					321.2 *
				Voznesenian					321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3	Zapaltjubian					323.2
				Protvian					324.4 *
				Steshevian					326.8 *
				Tarusian					329 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2	Venevian					330.9
				Mikhailovian					331.9 *
				Aleksinian					333.7 *
				Tulian					335.8 *
				Bobrikian					339.9 *
				Radaevkian			343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	Kosvian			346.7
				Kizelian			350.7 *
				Cherepetian			351.9 *
				Karakubian			354.4 *
				Upinian			356.3 *
				Malevkian			357.6 *
				Gumerovian			358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5				Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4				West Fallsian/Sonyean		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3				Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3				Southwoodian		Cazenovian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1							407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1							410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2							419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								Gleedonian	427.4
		Homerian								Whitwellian	429.7 *
		Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1								433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5								Kosovian	443.8
		Katian									Kralodvorian	Bohdalec †	445.2
		Katian									Berounian		449.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4		453
					Zahorany †/Vinice								Letna †	456.2 *
					Liben †									458 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3											458.4
											Dobrotivian			458.5 *
											Oretanian			459.7 *
					Sarka †								461.7 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2		Klabava †								467.3
		Dapingian									Arenigian		468
	Early Ordovician	Floian									Arenigian		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Tremadocian								477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5		Merioneth								Dolgellian/Trempealeauan		485.4
		Stage 10											Festiniogian		489.2 *
		Jiangshanian											Festiniogian		489.5
		Jiangshanian											Maentwrogian		493.1 *
		Paibian											Maentwrogian		494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4		St Davids								497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4										500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3										504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3		Caerfai								509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2										514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1										529
																538.8