PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Carboniferous of North America	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Ordovician of the Baltic				Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6		Wanganui	Haweran							0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Chibanian											0.129
		Chibanian				Castlecliffian							0.34
		Calabrian				Castlecliffian							0.774
		Calabrian				Nukumaruan							1.63
		Gelasian				Nukumaruan							1.8
		Gelasian				Mangapanian							2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian				Mangapanian							2.58
		Piacenzian				Waipipian							3
		Zanclean				Waipipian							3.6
		Zanclean				Opoitian							3.7
	Miocene	Messinian			Taranaki	Kapitean							5.333
		Messinian				Tongaporutuan							7.2
		Tortonian				Tongaporutuan							7.246
		Tortonian			Southland	Waiauan							11.04
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5			Waiauan							11.63
		Serravallian				Lillburnian							13.05
		Langhian				Lillburnian							13.82
						Clifdenian							15.1
					Pareora	Altonian							15.9
		Burdigalian				Altonian							15.98
		Burdigalian				Otaian							18.7
		Aquitanian				Otaian							20.44
		Aquitanian			Landon	Waitakian							21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4			Waitakian					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
						Duntroonian							25.2
						Whaingaroan							27.3
		Rupelian									Kekeamuan		27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3								Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
					Arnold	Runangan							34.6
						Kaiatan							36.7
		Bartonian				Kaiatan					Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Bartonian				Bortonian							39.1
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2			Bortonian							41.2
					Dannevirke	Porangan							42.6
						Heretaungan							45.7
		Ypresian				Heretaungan						Bumbanian	47.8
						Mangaorapan							48.9
						Waipawan							52
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1			Teurian					Gashatan		56
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8		Mata	Haumurian							66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7			Haumurian							72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6			Piripauan							83.6
		Santonian			Raukumara	Teratan							86.1
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
						Mangaotanean							90.5
						Arowhanan							93.7
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5			Arowhanan							93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian							95.2
						Motuan							99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4			Motuan							100.5
						Urutawan							103.3
					Taitai	Korangan							108.4
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3			Korangan							113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3										117.5
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2										121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2										125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1										132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6		145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5		149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4		165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4		168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3		174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4		201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4		208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			259.51
		Wordian			264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3		266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2		273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1		Bursumian †		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5		Virgilian		298.9
		Kasimovian			Missourian		303.7
		Kasimovian			Desmoinesian		305.9 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4		Desmoinesian		307
		Moscovian			Atokan		312.7 *
		Bashkirian			Atokan		315.2
		Bashkirian			Morrowan		318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3		Chesterian		323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2		Chesterian		330.9
					Meramecian		335.8 *
					Osagean		343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Osagean		346.7
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Kinderhookian		351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4				Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3				Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3				Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1				Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1				Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1					433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5					Harju	Porkuni	443.8
		Katian							Pirgu	445.2
									Vormsi	449.6 *
									Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
						Viru		Rakvere	450.6 *
								Oandu	452 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4					Keila	Idavere †	453
								Haljala		453.9
								Kukruse		456.4 *
				Uhaku				Aluoja †	457.5 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	Uhaku					458.4
				Lasnamagi					458.9 *
				Aseri					460.4 *
				Oeland		Kunda			462.9 *
						Kunda		Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
						Volkhov			Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2			Volkhov				467.3
		Dapingian				Billingen				469.3 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian								470
								Latorp †		470.1 *
						Hunneberg				473.7 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1			Hunneberg				477.7
						Varangu				481.3 *
						Pakerort				482.2 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5			Pakerort				Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
											486.3 *
											486.5
											Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian									Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian									Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian									Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4							Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4							Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3							Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan								Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4								Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4								Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2							Dyeran		514
										Montezuman		514.8 *
										Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1									529
													538.8