PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. J. Prevosti, C. O. Romano, A. M. Forasiepi, S. Hemming, R. Bonini, A. M. Candela, E. Cerdeño, M. C. Madozzo Jaén, P. E. Ortiz, F. Pujos, L. Rasia, G. I. Schmidt, M. Taglioretti, R. D. E. MacPhee, and U. F. J. Pardiñas. 2021. New radiometric 40Ar–39Ar dates and faunistic analyses refine evolutionary dynamics of Neogene vertebrate assemblages in southern South America. Scientific Reports 2021(11):9830 view
J. J. Flynn and C. C. Swisher, III. 1995. Cenozoic South American Land Mammal Ages: correlation to global geochronology. Geochronology Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, SEPM Special Publication 54:317-333 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ten Million Year Bins	Carboniferous of North America	Cretaceous Subepochs	Permian Subages of Germany	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	South American Land Mammal Ages		Devonian of Eastern North America
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6									0
				Northgrippian										0.0042
				Greenlandian										0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene						Lujanian				0.0117
				Chibanian						Lujanian				0.129
				Chibanian						Ensenadan				0.3 *
				Calabrian						Ensenadan				0.774
				Calabrian						Sanandresian	Uquian †			1.7 *
				Gelasian						Sanandresian				1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Vorohuean				2.58
				Piacenzian						Chapadmalalan				2.9 *
				Zanclean						Chapadmalalan				3.6
										Montehermosan				3.7 *
										Huayquerian				4.9 *
			Miocene	Messinian										5.333
				Tortonian										7.246
										Chasicoan				7.9 *
										Mayoan				9.9 *
										Laventan				10.9 *
				Serravallian	Cenozoic 5					Laventan				11.63
				Serravallian						Colloncuran				13.7 *
				Langhian						Colloncuran				13.82
				Langhian						Friasian				15.4 *
				Burdigalian						Friasian				15.98
										Santacrucian				16.2 *
										Colhuehuapian				17.4 *
				Aquitanian						Colhuehuapian				20.44
				Aquitanian						Deseadan				20.9 *
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4									23.03
				Rupelian										27.82
				Rupelian						Tinguirirican				28.9 *
			Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3					Tinguirirican				33.9
				Priabonian						Divisaderan				35.9 *
				Bartonian										37.71
				Lutetian	Cenozoic 2									41.2
				Lutetian						Mustersan				41.9 *
				Ypresian						Mustersan				47.8
				Ypresian						Casamayoran				47.9 *
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1					Riochican				56
										Itaboraian				56.9 *
										Peligran				58.9 *
				Selandian										59.2
				Danian										61.6
				Danian						Tiupampan				62.4 *
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8		Senonian							66
				Campanian	Cretaceous 7									72.1
				Santonian	Cretaceous 6									83.6
				Coniacian										86.3
				Turonian										89.8
				Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5									93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4		Gallic							100.5
				Aptian	Cretaceous 3									113
				Barremian	Cretaceous 2									121.4
				Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2		Neocomian							125.77
				Valanginian	Cretaceous 1									132.6
				Berriasian	Cretaceous 1									139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6									145
				Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5									149.2
				Oxfordian										154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian										161.5
				Bathonian	Jurassic 4									165.3
				Bajocian	Jurassic 4									168.2
				Aalenian	Jurassic 3									170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3									174.7
Pliensbachian				Jurassic 2	184.2
Sinemurian				Jurassic 1	192.9
Hettangian				Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic		Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	201.4
			Norian	Triassic 4	208.5
			Carnian	Triassic 3	227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2	242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1	251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	Buntsandstein	251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Buntsandstein	254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian		Ohre/Aller	259.51
			Wordian		Leine	264.28
			Roadian	Permian 3		266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2		273.01
			Artinskian			283.5
			Sakmarian			290.1
			Asselian	Permian 1		Bursumian †		293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5		Virgilian		Mapingian †	298.9
			Kasimovian			Missourian		Mapingian †	303.7
			Kasimovian			Desmoinesian			305.9 *
			Moscovian	Carboniferous 4		Desmoinesian			307
			Moscovian			Atokan			312.7 *
			Bashkirian			Atokan			315.2
			Bashkirian			Morrowan			318.4 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3		Chesterian			323.2
			Visean	Carboniferous 2		Chesterian			330.9
						Meramecian			335.8 *
						Osagean			343.1 *
			Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Osagean			346.7
			Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Kinderhookian			351.9 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					Conewangan/Conneautan/Canadaway		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4					West Fallsian/Sonyean		Adorf	372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3					Geneseean/Taghanican/Tioughniogan		Cazenovian	Givetian	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3					Southwoodian		Cazenovian	Eifelian	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					Sawkillian/Deer Parkian		Helderbergian	Emsian	393.3
			Pragian	Devonian 1								Siegen	407.6
			Lochkovian	Devonian 1								Gedinnine	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2									419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian										423
		Ludlow	Gorstian										425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian										427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian										430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1						433.4
			Aeronian							438.5
			Rhuddanian							440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5						443.8
			Katian	Ordovician 5						445.2
			Sandbian	Ordovician 4						453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3						458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2						467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2						470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1						477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5						485.4
			Jiangshanian							489.5
			Paibian				494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4			497
			Drumian	Cambrian 4			500.5
			Wuliuan	Cambrian 3			504.5
		Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3			509
		Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2			514
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2			521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1			529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran								Vendian			538.8
		Cryogenian											635
		Tonian											720
		Tonian								Karatau			800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian								Karatau			1000
		Stenian								Yurmatian			1100
		Ectasian								Yurmatian			1200
		Ectasian								Burzyan			1375
														1400