PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. A. Lillegraven and M. C. McKenna. 1986. Fossil mammals from the "Mesaverde" Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River basins, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal "Ages". American Museum Novitates 2840:1-68 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ten Million Year Bins	Carboniferous of North America	Cretaceous North American Land-Mammal Ages	Obsolete Precambrian Ages		Silurian of the Baltic	Ordovician of the Baltic			Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6											0
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
				Chibanian												0.129
				Calabrian												0.774
				Gelasian												1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean												3.6
			Miocene	Messinian												5.333
				Tortonian												7.246
				Serravallian	Cenozoic 5											11.63
				Langhian												13.82
				Burdigalian												15.98
				Aquitanian												20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4									Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4									Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian	27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3									Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
				Bartonian	Cenozoic 3									Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
				Lutetian	Cenozoic 2											41.2
				Ypresian	Cenozoic 2										Bumbanian	47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1									Gashatan		56
				Selandian												59.2
				Danian												61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8		Lancian/Edmontonian									66
				Campanian	Cretaceous 7		Judithian/Aquilan									72.1
				Santonian	Cretaceous 6											83.6
				Coniacian												86.3
				Turonian												89.8
				Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5											93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4											100.5
				Aptian	Cretaceous 3											113
				Barremian	Cretaceous 2											121.4
				Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2											125.77
				Valanginian	Cretaceous 1											132.6
				Berriasian	Cretaceous 1											139.8
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6											145
				Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5											149.2
				Oxfordian												154.8
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
				Bathonian	Jurassic 4											165.3
				Bajocian	Jurassic 4											168.2
				Aalenian	Jurassic 3											170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3											174.7
				Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2											184.2
				Sinemurian	Jurassic 1											192.9
				Hettangian	Jurassic 1											199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4											201.4
				Norian	Triassic 4											208.5
				Carnian	Triassic 3											227
			Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2											237
			Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2											242
			Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1											247.2
			Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1											251.2
	Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4											251.902
			Lopingian	Wuchiapingian												254.14
			Guadalupian	Capitanian												259.51
				Wordian												264.28
				Roadian	Permian 3											266.9
			Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2											273.01
				Artinskian												283.5
				Sakmarian												290.1
				Asselian	Permian 1	Bursumian †										293.52
		Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5	Virgilian										298.9
Kasimovian				Missourian		303.7
Kasimovian				Desmoinesian		305.9 *
Moscovian				Desmoinesian	Carboniferous 4	307
Moscovian				Atokan		312.7 *
Bashkirian				Atokan		315.2
Bashkirian				Morrowan		318.4 *
Mississippian			Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3	Chesterian	323.2
			Visean	Carboniferous 2	Chesterian	330.9
					Meramecian	335.8 *
					Osagean	343.1 *
			Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	Osagean	346.7
			Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian		Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5		Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4		Adorf		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3		Givetian		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3		Eifelian		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2		Emsian		393.3
			Pragian	Devonian 1		Siegen		407.6
			Lochkovian	Devonian 1		Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian		Pridoli		Silurian 2		Ohesaare			419.2
		Pridoli				Kaugetuma			421.7 *
		Ludlow	Ludfordian			Kuressaare			423
			Ludfordian			Paadla			423.4 *
			Gorstian			Paadla			425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian			Rootsikula			427.4
			Homerian			Jaagarahu			429.2 *
			Sheinwoodian			Jaagarahu	430.5
			Sheinwoodian			Jaani	431.8 *
		Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1		Jaani	433.4
			Telychian			Adavere	434 *
			Aeronian			Adavere	438.5
			Aeronian			Raikkula	439.4 *
			Rhuddanian			Raikkula	440.8
			Rhuddanian			Juuru	441.4 *
Ordovician		Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5			Harju		Porkuni	443.8
			Katian						Pirgu	445.2
									Vormsi	449.6 *
									Nabala	Johvi †	450 *
							Viru		Rakvere		450.6 *
									Oandu		452 *
			Sandbian	Ordovician 4					Keila	Idavere †	453
									Haljala		453.9
									Kukruse		456.4 *
									Uhaku	Aluoja †	457.5 *
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3					Uhaku		458.4
									Lasnamagi		458.9 *
									Aseri		460.4 *
							Oeland		Kunda		462.9 *
									Kunda	Valaste †/Hunderum	464.3 *
									Volkhov		Langevoja †/Vaana/Saka	467.1 *
			Dapingian	Ordovician 2					Volkhov			467.3
			Dapingian						Billingen			469.3 *
		Early Ordovician	Floian									470
										Latorp †		470.1 *
	Hunneberg								473.7 *
	Hunneberg		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1					477.7
	Varangu								481.3 *
	Pakerort								482.2 *
Cambrian	Pakerort	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5						Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
												486.3 *
												486.5
												Sunwaptan	487.5
			Jiangshanian									Sunwaptan	489.5
			Jiangshanian									Steptoean	493 *
			Paibian									Steptoean	494
		Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4						Marjumian		Albertian †	497
			Drumian	Cambrian 4						Marjumian			500.5
			Wuliuan	Cambrian 3						Topazan			504.5
			Wuliuan							Delamaran			506.5
		Series 2	Stage 4							Delamaran		Waucoban †	509
			Stage 4							Dyeran			511 *
			Stage 3	Cambrian 2						Dyeran			514
										Montezuman			514.8 *
										Begadean			519.9 *
		Terreneuvian	Stage 2										521
		Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1									529
Proterozoic		Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Poundian †		538.8
Proterozoic		Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian †	Wonokan †		571.7 *
																635