PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Obsolete Carboniferous Ages of China	Devonian of Germany	North American Land Mammal Ages	Silurian of North America			Cambrian of North America		Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Carboniferous of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6			Saintaugustinean								0
		Meghalayan				Santarosean								0.0004
		Northgrippian												0.0042
		Greenlandian												0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
		Late Pleistocene				Rancholabrean								0.014
		Chibanian				Rancholabrean								0.129
		Chibanian				Irvingtonian								0.21
		Calabrian				Irvingtonian								0.774
		Calabrian				Blancan								1.4
		Gelasian												1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian												2.58
		Zanclean												3.6
		Zanclean				Hemphillian								4.7
	Miocene	Messinian												5.333
		Tortonian												7.246
		Tortonian				Clarendonian								9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5			Clarendonian								11.63
		Serravallian				Barstovian								12.5
		Langhian												13.82
		Burdigalian												15.98
						Hemingfordian								16.3
						Arikareean								18.5
		Aquitanian												20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4											23.03
		Rupelian												27.82
						Whitneyan								29.5
						Orellan								31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3			Chadronian								33.9
		Priabonian				Duchesnean								37
		Bartonian				Duchesnean								37.71
		Bartonian				Uintan								39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2			Uintan								41.2
		Lutetian				Bridgerian								46.2
		Ypresian				Bridgerian								47.8
						Wasatchian								50.5
						Clarkforkian								54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1			Clarkforkian								56
		Thanetian				Tiffanian								56.2
		Selandian				Tiffanian								59.2
		Selandian				Torrejonian								60.9
		Danian				Torrejonian								61.6
		Danian				Puercan								63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8											66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7											72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6											83.6
		Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5											93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4											100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3											113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2											121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2											125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1											132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1											139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6											145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5											149.2
		Oxfordian												154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4											165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4											168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3											170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3											174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2											184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4	201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4	208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3	227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2	242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Vokhmian	247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1	Vokhmian	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2		273.01
		Artinskian			283.5
		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1		Bursumian †		293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5		Mapingian †		Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian			Mapingian †		Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian					Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4				Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian					Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian					Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian					Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				Chesterian	323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				Chesterian	330.9
							Meramecian	335.8 *
							Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				Kinderhookian	351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5				Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden		358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4				Adorf		372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3				Givetian		382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3				Eifelian		387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2				Emsian		393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1				Siegen		407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1				Gedinnine		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2						Cayugan	419.2
	Pridoli								Niagaran	422.5 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian								423
	Ludlow	Gorstian								425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian								Lockportian	427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian								430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1			Ontarian				433.4
		Aeronian								438.5
										Alexandrian	438.7 *
						Medinan			Clinton		440.1 *
											440.7 *
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5								443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5								445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4								453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3								458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2								467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2								470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1								477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5								Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10										Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian										Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian										Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian										Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4								Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4								Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3								Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan									Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4									Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4									Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2								Dyeran		514
											Montezuman		514.8 *
											Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2											521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1										529
														538.8