PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126901 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ten Million Year Bins	Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Precambrian of Russia	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe		Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia		Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous Subepochs
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6										0
				Northgrippian											0.0042
				Greenlandian											0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
				Chibanian											0.129
				Calabrian											0.774
				Gelasian											1.8
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian											2.58
			Pliocene	Zanclean											3.6
			Miocene	Messinian											5.333
				Tortonian											7.246
				Serravallian	Cenozoic 5										11.63
				Langhian											13.82
				Burdigalian											15.98
				Aquitanian											20.44
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4					Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian				23.03
			Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4					Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian				27.82
			Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3					Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian					33.9
				Bartonian	Cenozoic 3					Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan					37.71
				Lutetian	Cenozoic 2										41.2
				Ypresian	Cenozoic 2						Bumbanian				47.8
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1					Gashatan					56
				Selandian											59.2
				Danian											61.6
	Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8							Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
				Campanian	Cretaceous 7							Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
				Santonian	Cretaceous 6							Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
				Coniacian								Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
				Turonian								Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
				Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5							Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
			Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4							Late Albian			100.5
												Middle Albian			106.2 *
												Early Albian			109.9 *
				Aptian	Cretaceous 3							Late Aptian			113
				Aptian	Cretaceous 3							Early Aptian			119.5 *
				Barremian	Cretaceous 2							Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
				Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2							Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
				Valanginian	Cretaceous 1							Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
				Berriasian								Late Berriasian			139.8
												Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
												Early Berriasian			142.7 *
		Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6							Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
				Tithonian	Jurassic 6							Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
				Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5							Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
				Kimmeridgian								Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
				Oxfordian								Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
				Oxfordian									Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
			Middle Jurassic	Callovian								Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
				Bathonian	Jurassic 4							Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
				Bajocian				Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites				Late Bajocian			168.2
									Humphresianum			Late Bajocian			168.4
									Humphresianum			Early Bajocian			168.6 *
				Aalenian	Jurassic 3			Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum				Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
			Early Jurassic	Toarcian				Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense			Late Toarcian			174.7
												Late Toarcian			180.1
												Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
								Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum				Middle Toarcian			182
								Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum				Early Toarcian			182.9 *
				Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2			Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni				Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
				Sinemurian	Jurassic 1			Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi				Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
				Hettangian	Jurassic 1			Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis				Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
		Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4										201.4
				Norian								Sevatian			208.5
												Alaunian			213.2 *
Lacian						216.7 *
Carnian				Triassic 3	Tuvalian	227
Carnian				Triassic 3	Julian	233.4 *
Middle Triassic			Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian	237
			Ladinian		Fassanian	239.7 *
			Anisian		Illyrian	242
					Pelsonian	243.8 *
					Bithynian	244.7 *
					Aegean	245.5 *
Early Triassic			Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian	247.2
			Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
			Induan		Dienerian	251.2
			Induan		Griesbachian	251.4 *
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	Melekhovian		251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian				254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian				259.51
			Wordian				264.28
			Wordian		Noginskian		264.9 *
			Roadian	Permian 3			266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2			273.01
			Kungurian		Pavlovoposadian		276.8 *
			Artinskian		Pavlovoposadian		283.5
			Artinskian		Rusavkinian		287.6 *
			Sakmarian				290.1
			Asselian	Permian 1			293.52
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5			Late Pennsylvanian			298.9
			Gzhelian							Xiaodushanian	300 *
			Kasimovian		Dorogomilovian						303.7
					Khamovnikian						304.8
					Krevyakinian					Dalaun	305.8 *
			Moscovian	Carboniferous 4	Myachkovian		Middle Pennsylvanian				307
					Podolskian						308.9 *
					Kashirian						311.4 *
					Vereian						313.8
					Melekessian						314.8
			Bashkirian		Melekessian		Early Pennsylvanian				315.2
					Cheremshanian						316.9 *
					Cheremshanian					Huashibanian	318.5 *
					Prikamian						318.6 *
					Severokeltmian						319.9 *
					Krasnopolyanian					Lousuan	321.2 *
					Voznesenian					Lousuan	321.9 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3	Zapaltjubian		Late Mississippian			Dewunian	323.2
					Protvian						324.4 *
					Steshevian						326.8 *
					Tarusian						329 *
					Tarusian					Shangsian	330.8 *
			Visean	Carboniferous 2	Venevian		Middle Mississippian				330.9
					Mikhailovian						331.9 *
					Aleksinian						333.7 *
					Aleksinian					Jiusian	335 *
					Tulian						335.8 *
					Bobrikian						339.9 *
					Radaevkian						343.4 *
			Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	Kosvian		Early Mississippian		Tangbagouan	346.7
					Kizelian					350.7 *
					Cherepetian					351.9 *
					Karakubian					354.4 *
					Upinian					356.3 *
					Malevkian					357.6 *
					Gumerovian					358 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4					372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3					Srbsko	382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3					Chotec	387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					Daleje/Zlichovian	393.3
			Pragian	Devonian 1					Pragian	407.6
			Lochkovian	Devonian 1					Lochkovian	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2						419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
		Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1						433.4
			Aeronian							438.5
			Rhuddanian							440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5						443.8
Katian			445.2	Ordovician 5
Sandbian			Ordovician 4	453
Middle Ordovician		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	458.4
Middle Ordovician		Dapingian	Ordovician 2	467.3
Early Ordovician		Floian	Ordovician 2	470
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	Mansian †		483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5	Batyrbaian		Tavgian †				Ketyan †/Yurakian	485.4
		Jiangshanian		Batyrbaian							489.5
				Aksaian							490.7 *
				Sakian							492.2 *
		Paibian									494
		Paibian								Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian	494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	Ayusokkanian							497
		Guzhangian		Mayan/Menevian							499.5
		Drumian		Mayan/Menevian							500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	Amgan/Solvan							504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Amgan/Solvan							509
				Toyonian		Lenian †					510 *
				Botomian							512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2	Botomian							514
		Stage 3		Atdabanian							515.6 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian							521
		Stage 2		Nemakit-Daldynian							525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1	Nemakit-Daldynian		Manykaian †					529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran									Vendian			538.8
		Cryogenian												635
		Tonian												720
		Tonian									Karatau			800
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian									Karatau			1000
		Stenian									Yurmatian			1100
		Ectasian									Yurmatian			1200
		Ectasian									Burzyan			1375
															1400