PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126849 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale					Ten Million Year Bins	Permian of North America		Carboniferous of Western Europe		Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Carboniferous Subepochs	North American Land Mammal Ages	Ammonite Chrons of Northwest Europe
Phanerozoic	Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6					Wanganui	Haweran		Saintaugustinean			0
				Meghalayan									Santarosean			0.0004
				Northgrippian												0.0042
				Greenlandian												0.0082
			Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene												0.0117
				Late Pleistocene									Rancholabrean			0.014
				Chibanian									Rancholabrean			0.129
													Irvingtonian			0.21
											Castlecliffian					0.34
				Calabrian												0.774
													Blancan			1.4
											Nukumaruan					1.63
				Gelasian							Nukumaruan					1.8
				Gelasian							Mangapanian					2.4
		Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian							Mangapanian					2.58
				Piacenzian							Waipipian					3
				Zanclean							Waipipian					3.6
											Opoitian					3.7
											Opoitian		Hemphillian			4.7
			Miocene	Messinian						Taranaki	Kapitean					5.333
				Messinian							Tongaporutuan					7.2
				Tortonian												7.246
													Clarendonian			9.4
										Southland	Waiauan					11.04
				Serravallian	Cenozoic 5											11.63
													Barstovian			12.5
											Lillburnian					13.05
				Langhian							Lillburnian					13.82
											Clifdenian					15.1
										Pareora	Altonian					15.9
				Burdigalian												15.98
													Hemingfordian			16.3
													Arikareean			18.5
											Otaian					18.7
				Aquitanian							Otaian					20.44
				Aquitanian						Landon	Waitakian					21.7
		Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4						Waitakian					23.03
											Duntroonian					25.2
											Whaingaroan					27.3
				Rupelian												27.82
													Whitneyan			29.5
													Orellan			31.8
			Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3								Chadronian			33.9
										Arnold	Runangan					34.6
											Kaiatan					36.7
													Duchesnean			37
				Bartonian												37.71
											Bortonian					39.1
													Uintan			39.7
				Lutetian	Cenozoic 2											41.2
										Dannevirke	Porangan					42.6
											Heretaungan					45.7
													Bridgerian			46.2
				Ypresian												47.8
											Mangaorapan					48.9
											Mangaorapan		Wasatchian			50.5
											Waipawan		Wasatchian			52
											Waipawan		Clarkforkian			54.9
			Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1						Teurian		Clarkforkian			56
				Thanetian									Tiffanian			56.2
				Selandian									Tiffanian			59.2
				Selandian									Torrejonian			60.9
				Danian									Torrejonian			61.6
				Danian									Puercan			63.8
Mesozoic	Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Mata	Haumurian		66
			Campanian	Cretaceous 7		Haumurian		72.1
			Santonian	Cretaceous 6		Piripauan		83.6
			Santonian		Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
			Coniacian					86.3
			Turonian					89.8
						Mangaotanean		90.5
						Arowhanan		93.7
			Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5		Arowhanan		93.9
					Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
						Motuan		99.5
		Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4		Motuan		100.5
						Urutawan		103.3
					Taitai	Korangan		108.4
			Aptian	Cretaceous 3		Korangan		113
			Aptian	Cretaceous 3				117.5
			Barremian	Cretaceous 2				121.4
			Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2				125.77
			Valanginian	Cretaceous 1				132.6
			Berriasian	Cretaceous 1				139.8
	Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6				145
			Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5				149.2
			Oxfordian					154.8
		Middle Jurassic	Callovian					161.5
			Bathonian	Jurassic 4				165.3
			Bajocian					Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
			Bajocian						Humphresianum	168.4
			Aalenian	Jurassic 3				Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum		170.9
		Early Jurassic	Toarcian					Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense	174.7
								Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons		180.1
								Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum		182
			Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2				Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni		184.2
			Sinemurian	Jurassic 1				Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi		192.9
			Hettangian	Jurassic 1				Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis		199.5
	Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4						201.4
			Norian	Triassic 4						208.5
			Carnian	Triassic 3						227
		Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2						237
		Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2						242
		Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1						247.2
		Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1						251.2
Paleozoic	Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4						251.902
		Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							254.14
		Guadalupian	Capitanian							Capitanian	259.51
			Wordian							Wordian	264.28
			Roadian	Permian 3						Roadian	266.9
		Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2						Leonardian	Cathedralian	273.01
			Kungurian								Hessian	281.9 *
			Artinskian								Hessian	283.5
			Artinskian							Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
			Sakmarian								Lenoxian	290.1
			Asselian	Permian 1							Nealian	293.52
			Asselian	Permian 1							Nealian	Kuzel	297.7
	Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5								Kuzel	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
												Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
														Stephanian B	300.9 *
														Stephanian A	301.4 *
			Kasimovian											Stephanian A	303.7
			Kasimovian											Cantabrian	305 *
			Moscovian	Carboniferous 4									Middle Pennsylvanian	Cantabrian	307
												Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
														Westphalian C	309.8
														Westphalian B	314.6
			Bashkirian										Early Pennsylvanian	Westphalian B	315.2
							Westphalian A							317 *
							Namurian					Yeadonian		318.8 *
												Marsdenian		320.2 *
												Kinderscoutian		321.5 *
												Alportian		322 *
												Chokierian		323.1 *
		Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3								Chokierian	Late Mississippian	323.2
												Arnsbergian		324 *
												Pendleian		327.4 *
			Visean	Carboniferous 2			Warnantian					Brigantian †	Middle Mississippian	330.9
							Livian					Asbian †		336.3 *
							Moliniacian					Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
			Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1			Ivorian						Early Mississippian	346.7
			Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1			Hastarian						Early Mississippian	353.7 *
	Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5										358.9
		Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4		372.2
		Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3		382.7
		Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3		387.7
		Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2		393.3
			Pragian	Devonian 1		407.6
			Lochkovian	Devonian 1	410.8
	Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2	419.2
		Ludlow	Ludfordian		423
		Ludlow	Gorstian		425.6
		Wenlock	Homerian		427.4
		Wenlock	Sheinwoodian		430.5
		Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1	433.4
			Aeronian		438.5
			Rhuddanian		440.8
	Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5	443.8
			Katian	Ordovician 5	445.2
			Sandbian	Ordovician 4	453
		Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	458.4
		Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2	467.3
		Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2	470
		Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	477.7
	Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
			Stage 10			Sunwaptan		487.5
			Jiangshanian			Sunwaptan		489.5
			Jiangshanian			Steptoean		493 *
			Paibian			Steptoean		494
Miaolingian		Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4	Marjumian		500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan		Delamaran		506.5
Series 2		Stage 4		Delamaran	Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4		Dyeran		511 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2	Dyeran		514
				Montezuman		514.8 *
				Begadean		519.9 *
Terreneuvian		Stage 2				521
Terreneuvian		Fortunian	Cambrian 1			529
Proterozoic	Neoproterozoic	Ediacaran							538.8
		Cryogenian							635
		Tonian							720
	Mesoproterozoic	Stenian							1000
		Ectasian							1200
		Calymmian							1400
	Paleoproterozoic	Statherian							1600
		Orosirian							1800
		Rhyacian							2050
		Siderian							2300
Archean	Neoarchean								2500
	Mesoarchean								2800
	Paleoarchean								3200
	Eoarchean								3600
Hadean									4000
																4600