PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
Z.-X. Qiu and Z.-D. Qiu. 1995. Chronological sequence and subdivision of Chinese Neogene mammalian faunas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 116(1-2):41-70 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126884 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Permian of China	European Faunal Zones	Permian Subages of Germany	Cenozoic Subepochs	Neogene Mammal Ages of China	Cambrian of North America
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6							0
		Northgrippian								0.0042
		Greenlandian								0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene					Late Pleistocene	Nihewanian		0.0117
		Chibanian					Middle Pleistocene			0.129
		Calabrian					Early Pleistocene			0.774
		Gelasian			MN 17		Early Pleistocene			1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian			MN 16		Late Pliocene	Yushean		2.58
		Piacenzian			MN 15		Late Pliocene			3.2
		Zanclean			MN 15		Early Pliocene			3.6
					MN 14					4.2
					MN 13			Baodean		4.9
	Miocene	Messinian			MN 13		Late Miocene			5.333
		Tortonian			MN 12					7.246
					MN 11					7.75
					MN 10					8.7
					MN 9					9.7
					MN 7 + 8			Tunggurian		11.1
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5		MN 7 + 8		Middle Miocene			11.63
		Serravallian			MN 6					12.8 *
		Langhian			MN 5			Shanwangian		13.82
		Burdigalian			MN 4		Early Miocene	Shanwangian		15.98
					MN 3			Xiejiaan		16.9
					MN 2					20
		Aquitanian			MN 2					20.44
		Aquitanian			MN 1					22.4
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4				Late Oligocene			23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4				Early Oligocene			27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3				Late Eocene			33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3				Middle Eocene			37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2				Middle Eocene			41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2				Early Eocene			47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1				Late Paleocene			56
		Selandian					Middle Paleocene			59.2
		Danian					Early Paleocene			61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8							66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7							72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6							83.6
		Coniacian								86.3
		Turonian								89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5							93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4							100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3							113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2							121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2							125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1							132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1							139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6							145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5							149.2
		Oxfordian								154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian								161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4							165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4							168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3							170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3							174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2							184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1							192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1							199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4							201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4							208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3							227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2							237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2							242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1							247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1	251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	Meishanian		Buntsandstein			251.902
		Changhsingian		Baoqingian					253.4 *
		Wuchiapingian		Laoshanian					254.14
		Wuchiapingian		Laibinian					257.7 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Lengwuan		Ohre/Aller			259.51
		Wordian		Kuhfengian		Leine			264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3	Kuhfengian					266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2	Luodianian					273.01
		Artinskian		Luodianian					283.5
		Artinskian		Longlinian					285.4 *
		Sakmarian		Longlinian					290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1	Zisongian					293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5	Zisongian					298.9
		Gzhelian							300.1
		Kasimovian							303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4						307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4						315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3						323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2						330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1						346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5						358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4						372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3						382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3						387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2						393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1		407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1		410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2		419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian			423
	Ludlow	Gorstian			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian			427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian			430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1		433.4
		Aeronian			438.5
		Rhuddanian			440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5		443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5		445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4		453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2		467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2		470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan		485.4
		Stage 10					Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian					Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian					Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian					Steptoean	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4		Marjumian		Albertian †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4		Marjumian			500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3		Topazan			504.5
		Wuliuan			Delamaran			506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Delamaran		Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4			Dyeran			511 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2		Dyeran			514
					Montezuman			514.8 *
					Begadean			519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2						521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1					529
										538.8