PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. F. Steininger, W. A. Berggren, D. V. Kent, R. L. Bernor, S. Sen and J. Agusti. 1996. Circum-Mediterranean Neogene (Miocene and Pliocene) marine-continental chronologic correlations of European mammal units. The Evolution of Western Eurasian Neogene Mammal Faunas (eds. R. L. Bernor, V. Fahlbusch, and H.-W. Mittmann) view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Permian of Western Europe	Devonian Subages	Ordovician of Britain				Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		European Faunal Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6							Wanganui	Haweran		0
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene											0.0117
		Chibanian											0.129
		Chibanian									Castlecliffian		0.34
		Calabrian									Castlecliffian		0.774
		Calabrian									Nukumaruan		1.63
		Gelasian									Nukumaruan		1.8
		Gelasian									Mangapanian		2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian									Mangapanian	Villanyian	2.58
											Waipipian	Villanyian	3
												Ruscinian	3.1 *
		Zanclean											3.6
		Zanclean									Opoitian		3.7
	Miocene	Messinian								Taranaki	Kapitean	Turolian	5.333
		Messinian									Tongaporutuan		7.2
		Tortonian											7.246
												Vallesian	8.7
										Southland	Waiauan	Vallesian	11.04
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5								Waiauan	Astaracian	11.63
		Serravallian									Lillburnian		13.05
		Langhian									Lillburnian		13.82
											Clifdenian		15.1
										Pareora	Altonian		15.9
		Burdigalian									Altonian	Orleanian	15.98
											Otaian	Orleanian	18.7
												Agenian	20
		Aquitanian											20.44
		Aquitanian								Landon	Waitakian		21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4								Waitakian		23.03
											Duntroonian		25.2
											Whaingaroan		27.3
		Rupelian											27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3										33.9
										Arnold	Runangan		34.6
											Kaiatan		36.7
		Bartonian									Kaiatan		37.71
		Bartonian									Bortonian		39.1
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2								Bortonian		41.2
										Dannevirke	Porangan		42.6
											Heretaungan		45.7
		Ypresian									Heretaungan		47.8
											Mangaorapan		48.9
											Waipawan		52
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1								Teurian		56
		Selandian											59.2
		Danian											61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8							Mata	Haumurian		66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7								Haumurian		72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6								Piripauan		83.6
		Santonian								Raukumara	Teratan		86.1
		Coniacian											86.3
		Turonian											89.8
											Mangaotanean		90.5
											Arowhanan		93.7
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5								Arowhanan		93.9
										Clarence	Ngaterian		95.2
											Motuan		99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4								Motuan		100.5
											Urutawan		103.3
										Taitai	Korangan		108.4
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3								Korangan		113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3										117.5
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2	121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6		145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5		149.2
		Oxfordian			154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4		165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4		168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3		170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3		174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2		184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1		192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1		199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4		201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4		208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3		227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2		237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2		242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1		247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1		251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian			Zechstein	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Rotliegendes	259.51
		Wordian				264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2			273.01
		Artinskian			Autunian	283.5
		Sakmarian				290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1			293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5			298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5			303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4			307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4			315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3			323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2			330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1			346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5			Late Famennian	358.9
						Middle Famennian	365.3 *
						Early Famennian	368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4			Late Frasnian	372.2
						Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
						Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3			Late Givetian	382.7
						Middle Givetian	383.7 *
						Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian				Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian				Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2			Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2			Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1			Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian				Late Lochkovian	410.8
						Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
						Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2				419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian					423
	Ludlow	Gorstian					425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian					427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian					430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1				433.4
		Aeronian					438.5
		Rhuddanian					440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5				Ashgill	Hirnantian	Bolindian	443.8
		Katian						Rawtheyan		445.2
								Cautleyan		448.9 *
								Cautleyan	Eastonian	449 *
								Pusgillian		449.3 *
				Caradoc			Streffordian	Onnian †		449.6 *
							Cheneyan			451.5 *
							Cheneyan		Gisbornian	452 *
							Burrellian			452.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4							453
								Actonian †		453.2 *
								Marshbrookian †		Woolstonian †	454.2 *
								Longvillian †			455.2 *
							Aurelucian	Longvillian †			456.8 *
							Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian			457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3	Llanvirn			Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn		Darriwilian		458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn		Darriwilian		461.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2				Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn		Yapeenian		467.3
				Arenig			Fennian		Yapeenian		468.4 *
									Castlemainian		468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Chewtonian		470
							Whitlandian		Chewtonian		471.1 *
									Bendigonian		471.8 *
									Lancefieldian		473.5 *
							Moridunian				474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1	Tremadoc			Migneintian				477.7
							Cressagian				480.8 *
							Cressagian		Warendian		482.8 *
									Warendian		485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5								485.4
		Jiangshanian									489.5
		Paibian									494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4		497
		Guzhangian			Arcadian						498.4
		Drumian									500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3								504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3		Branchian						509
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2		Branchian						514
		Stage 3			Placentian						517.1
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1								529
													538.8