PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
J. I. Raine, A. G. Beu, A. F. Boyes, H. J. Campbell, R. A. Cooper, J. S. Crampton, M. P. Crundwell, C. J. Hollis, and H. E. G. Morgans. 2015. Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015/1. GNS Science Report 2012(39) view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Permian Subages of Germany	Carboniferous Subepochs	Cretaceous-Cenozoic of New Zealand		Permian-Jurassic of New Zealand		Cambrian of Britain		Permian of the Salt Range	Obsolete Names for ICS Units
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6			Wanganui	Haweran									0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Chibanian														0.129
		Chibanian					Castlecliffian									0.34
		Calabrian					Castlecliffian									0.774
		Calabrian					Nukumaruan									1.63
		Gelasian					Nukumaruan									1.8
		Gelasian					Mangapanian									2.4
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian					Mangapanian						Tertiary †			2.58
		Piacenzian					Waipipian									3
		Zanclean					Waipipian									3.6
		Zanclean					Opoitian									3.7
	Miocene	Messinian				Taranaki	Kapitean									5.333
		Messinian					Tongaporutuan									7.2
		Tortonian					Tongaporutuan									7.246
		Tortonian				Southland	Waiauan									11.04
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5				Waiauan									11.63
		Serravallian					Lillburnian									13.05
		Langhian					Lillburnian									13.82
							Clifdenian									15.1
						Pareora	Altonian									15.9
		Burdigalian					Altonian									15.98
		Burdigalian					Otaian									18.7
		Aquitanian					Otaian									20.44
		Aquitanian				Landon	Waitakian									21.7
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4				Waitakian									23.03
							Duntroonian									25.2
							Whaingaroan									27.3
		Rupelian														27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3													33.9
						Arnold	Runangan									34.6
							Kaiatan									36.7
		Bartonian					Kaiatan									37.71
		Bartonian					Bortonian									39.1
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2				Bortonian									41.2
						Dannevirke	Porangan									42.6
							Heretaungan									45.7
		Ypresian					Heretaungan									47.8
							Mangaorapan									48.9
							Waipawan									52
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1				Teurian									56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8			Mata	Haumurian									66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7				Haumurian									72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6				Piripauan									83.6
		Santonian				Raukumara	Teratan									86.1
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
							Mangaotanean									90.5
							Arowhanan									93.7
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5				Arowhanan									93.9
						Clarence	Ngaterian									95.2
							Motuan									99.5
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4				Motuan									100.5
							Urutawan									103.3
						Taitai	Korangan									108.4
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3				Korangan									113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3													117.5
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2													121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2													125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1													132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1	139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6		Oteke	Puaroan		145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5		Oteke	Puaroan		149.2
					Kawhia	Ohauan		150
						Heterian		154.5
		Oxfordian						154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian						161.5
		Callovian				Temaikan		164.3
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4					165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4					168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3					170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian						174.7
		Toarcian			Herangi	Ururoan		176
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2			Ururoan		184.2
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2			Aratauran		188.9
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1					192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1					199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4		Balfour	Otapirian		201.4
		Norian				Warepan		208.5
						Otamitan		217
						Oretian		221
		Carnian	Triassic 3			Oretian		227
		Carnian	Triassic 3		Gore	Kaihikuan		227.5
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2			Kaihikuan		237
		Ladinian				Etalian		238
		Anisian				Etalian		242
		Anisian				Malakovian		246
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1			Malakovian		247.2
		Olenekian				Nelsonian		249
		Induan				Nelsonian		251.2
		Induan			DUrville	Makarewan		Kathwai	251.5 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4					Kathwai	Buntsandstein	251.902
										252.4 *
								Chhidru		252.9 *
						Waiitian				253.2
		Wuchiapingian				Waiitian				Longtanian †	254.14
						Puruhauan					254.2
								Kalabagh			255 *
								Wargal			256 *
	Guadalupian	Capitanian			Ohre/Aller	Aparima			Flettian		259.51
		Wordian			Leine						264.28
											265.3 *
									Barettian		266
								Amb			266.1 *
		Roadian	Permian 3					Amb			266.9
		Roadian	Permian 3								270.7 *
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2								273.01
		Kungurian							Mangapirian		276
		Artinskian							Mangapirian		283.5
									Telfordian		285
											288.5
		Sakmarian									290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1								Bursumian †	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5								Late Pennsylvanian	Virgilian	298.9
		Kasimovian										Missourian	303.7
		Kasimovian										Desmoinesian	305.9 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4								Middle Pennsylvanian	Desmoinesian	307
		Moscovian									Middle Pennsylvanian	Atokan	312.7 *
		Bashkirian									Early Pennsylvanian	Atokan	315.2
		Bashkirian									Early Pennsylvanian	Morrowan	318.4 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3				Late Mississippian				Chesterian	323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				Middle Mississippian				Chesterian	330.9
											Meramecian	335.8 *
											Osagean	343.1 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				Early Mississippian				Osagean	346.7
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1	Kinderhookian			Early Mississippian				351.9 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5								Wocklum/Dasberg/Hemberg/Nehden	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4								Adorf	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3								Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3								Eifelian	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2								Emsian	393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1								Siegen	407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1								Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2									419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian										423
	Ludlow	Gorstian										425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian										427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian										430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1									433.4
		Aeronian										438.5
		Rhuddanian										440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5									443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5									445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4									453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3									458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2									467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2									470
	Early Ordovician	Tremadocian	Ordovician 1									477.7
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5									Merioneth	Dolgellian/Trempealeauan	485.4
		Stage 10											Festiniogian	489.2 *
		Jiangshanian											Festiniogian	489.5
		Jiangshanian											Maentwrogian	493.1 *
		Paibian											Maentwrogian	494
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4									St Davids		Series 3 †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4												500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3							Stage 5 †					504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3							Caerfai					509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2												514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2												521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1												529
																538.8