PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
B. D. Webby. 1998. Steps toward a global standard for Ordovician stratigraphy. Newsletters in Stratigraphy 36:1-33 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127057 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Permo-Triassic Subages of Eastern Europe	Cambrian Epochs	Permian of North America		Cambrian of North America		Permian of the Pamirs	Devonian of France	Ordovician of Australia	Ordovician of Britain
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6													0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Chibanian														0.129
		Calabrian														0.774
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean														3.6
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5													11.63
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4													23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4													27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3													33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3													37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2													41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2													47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1													56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8													66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7													72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6													83.6
		Coniacian														86.3
		Turonian														89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5													93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4													100.5
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3													113
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2													121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2													125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1													132.6
		Berriasian	Cretaceous 1													139.8
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6													145
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5													149.2
		Oxfordian														154.8
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian														161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4													165.3
		Bajocian	Jurassic 4													168.2
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3													170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian	Jurassic 3													174.7
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2													184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1													192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1													199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4													201.4
		Norian	Triassic 4													208.5
		Carnian	Triassic 3													227
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2													237
	Middle Triassic	Anisian	Triassic 2													242
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Vokhmian												247.2
	Early Triassic	Induan	Triassic 1	Vokhmian												251.2
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4							Dorashamian						251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian						Dzhulfian						254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian		Capitanian				Midian						259.51
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Wordian				Midian						264.28
		Wordian		Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian		Wordian				Murgabian						266.2 *
		Roadian	Permian 3	Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian		Roadian				Murgabian						266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2			Leonardian	Cathedralian			Kubergandian						273.01
							Cathedralian			Bolorian						279.8
							Hessian									281.9 *
		Artinskian														283.5
					Yakhtashian			286
					Yakhtashian	Wolfcampian	Lenoxian	286.1 *
		Sakmarian			Sakmarian		Lenoxian	290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1		Nealian		Asselian	293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5					298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5					303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2					330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					Famennian	358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4					Frasnian	372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3					Givetian	382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3					Couvinien	387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2						393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1						407.6
		Pragian						Coblencien	408.2 *
		Lochkovian						Gedinnine	410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2						419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian							423
	Ludlow	Gorstian							425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian							427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian							430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1						433.4
		Aeronian							438.5
		Rhuddanian							440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5						Bolindian	Ashgill	Hirnantian	443.8
		Katian									Rawtheyan	445.2
											Cautleyan	448.9 *
									Eastonian		Cautleyan	449 *
											Pusgillian	449.3 *
										Caradoc	Streffordian	Onnian †	449.6 *
											Cheneyan		451.5 *
									Gisbornian		Cheneyan		452 *
											Burrellian		452.7 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4										453
												Actonian †	453.2 *
												Marshbrookian †	Woolstonian †	454.2 *
												Longvillian †		455.2 *
											Aurelucian	Longvillian †		456.8 *
											Aurelucian	Soudleyan †/Harnagian/Costonian		457.4 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3						Darriwilian	Llanvirn	Llandeilian/Llandeilo/Late Llandeilo/Middle Llandeilo/Early Llandeilo/Late Llanvirn			458.4
		Darriwilian	Ordovician 3						Darriwilian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			461.3 *
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2						Yapeenian		Abereiddian/Early Llanvirn			467.3
									Yapeenian	Arenig	Fennian			468.4 *
									Castlemainian					468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian							Chewtonian					470
									Chewtonian		Whitlandian			471.1 *
									Bendigonian					471.8 *
									Lancefieldian					473.5 *
											Moridunian			474.3 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1							Tremadoc	Migneintian			477.7
											Cressagian			480.8 *
									Warendian		Cressagian			482.8 *
									Warendian					485 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5						Late Cambrian					Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10													Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian													Sunwaptan	489.5
		Jiangshanian													Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian		494											Steptoean
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	Middle Cambrian					Marjumian					Albertian †	497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4						Marjumian						500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3						Topazan						504.5
		Wuliuan							Delamaran						506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4		Early Cambrian					Delamaran					Waucoban †	509
		Stage 4							Dyeran						511 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2						Dyeran						514
					Montezuman	514.8 *
					Begadean	519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2				521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1			529
																538.8