PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
D. H. Erwin and S. A. Bowring. 2004. Cambrian time scale. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 127017 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Permian of the Pamirs	Permian Subages of Germany	Cambrian of Siberia			Carboniferous of Western Europe		Devonian Subages	Mesozoic Subages		Carboniferous Subepochs
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6												0
		Northgrippian													0.0042
		Greenlandian													0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene													0.0117
		Chibanian													0.129
		Calabrian													0.774
		Gelasian													1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian													2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean													3.6
	Miocene	Messinian													5.333
		Tortonian													7.246
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5												11.63
		Langhian													13.82
		Burdigalian													15.98
		Aquitanian													20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4												23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4												27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3												33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3												37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2												41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2												47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1												56
		Selandian													59.2
		Danian													61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8									Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian			66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7									Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian			72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6									Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian			83.6
		Coniacian										Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian			86.3
		Turonian										Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian			89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5									Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian			93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4									Late Albian			100.5
												Middle Albian			106.2 *
												Early Albian			109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3									Late Aptian			113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3									Early Aptian			119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2									Late Barremian/Early Barremian			121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2									Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian			125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1									Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian			132.6
		Berriasian										Late Berriasian			139.8
												Middle Berriasian			140.6 *
												Early Berriasian			142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6									Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6									Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian		146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5									Late Kimmeridgian			149.2
		Kimmeridgian										Early Kimmeridgian			152.2 *
		Oxfordian										Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		154.8
		Oxfordian											Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian		157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian										Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian			161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4									Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian			165.3
		Bajocian										Late Bajocian			168.2
		Bajocian										Early Bajocian			168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3									Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian										Late Toarcian			174.7
												Middle Toarcian			180.4 *
												Early Toarcian			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2									Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian			184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1									Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian			192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1									Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4												201.4
		Norian										Sevatian			208.5
												Alaunian			213.2 *
												Lacian			216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3									Tuvalian			227
		Carnian	Triassic 3									Julian			233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian	237
		Ladinian		Fassanian	239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian	242
				Pelsonian	243.8 *
				Bithynian	244.7 *
				Aegean	245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian	248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian	251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian	251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4	Dorashamian	Buntsandstein		251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian		Dzhulfian	Buntsandstein		254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian		Midian	Ohre/Aller		259.51
		Wordian		Midian	Leine		264.28
		Wordian		Murgabian	Leine		266.2 *
		Roadian	Permian 3	Murgabian			266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2	Kubergandian			273.01
		Kungurian		Bolorian			279.8
		Artinskian		Bolorian			283.5
		Artinskian		Yakhtashian			286
		Sakmarian		Sakmarian			290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1	Asselian			293.52
		Asselian	Permian 1	Asselian			Kuzel	297.7
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5				Kuzel	Late Pennsylvanian	298.9
							Stephanian		Stephanian C	300.3 *
									Stephanian B	300.9 *
									Stephanian A	301.4 *
		Kasimovian							Stephanian A	303.7
		Kasimovian							Cantabrian	305 *
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					Middle Pennsylvanian	Cantabrian	307
							Westphalian		Westphalian D	307.4 *
									Westphalian C	309.8
									Westphalian B	314.6
		Bashkirian						Early Pennsylvanian	Westphalian B	315.2
									Westphalian A	317 *
							Namurian		Yeadonian	318.8 *
									Marsdenian	320.2 *
									Kinderscoutian	321.5 *
									Alportian	322 *
									Chokierian	323.1 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					Late Mississippian	Chokierian	323.2
									Arnsbergian	324 *
									Pendleian	327.4 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2				Warnantian	Brigantian †	Middle Mississippian	330.9
							Livian	Asbian †		336.3 *
							Moliniacian	Holkerian †/Arundian/Chadian		340.2 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				Ivorian		Early Mississippian	346.7
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1				Hastarian		Early Mississippian	353.7 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5						Late Famennian		358.9
									Middle Famennian		365.3 *
									Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4						Late Frasnian		372.2
									Middle Frasnian		375.4 *
									Early Frasnian		379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3						Late Givetian		382.7
									Middle Givetian		383.7 *
									Early Givetian		385.9 *
		Eifelian							Late Eifelian		387.7
		Eifelian							Early Eifelian		390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2						Late Emsian		393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2						Early Emsian		398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1						Pragian		407.6
		Lochkovian							Late Lochkovian		410.8
									Middle Lochkovian		412.8 *
									Early Lochkovian		415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2								419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian									423
	Ludlow	Gorstian									425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian									427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian									430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1								433.4
		Aeronian									438.5
		Rhuddanian									440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5								443.8
		Katian	Ordovician 5			445.2
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3			458.4
	Middle Ordovician	Dapingian	Ordovician 2			467.3
	Early Ordovician	Floian	Ordovician 2			470
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Mansian †	483.55 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5		Batyrbaian	Tavgian †					Ketyan †/Yurakian	Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan	485.4
		Stage 10											Sunwaptan	487.5
		Jiangshanian												489.5
					Aksaian									490.7 *
					Sakian									492.2 *
													Steptoean	493 *
		Paibian		494
		Paibian		Ensyan †/Maduan/Nganasanian							494.7 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4	Ayusokkanian							Marjumian	Albertian †	497
		Guzhangian		Mayan/Menevian									499.5
		Drumian		Mayan/Menevian									500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3	Amgan/Solvan							Topazan		504.5
		Wuliuan									Delamaran		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4										Waucoban †	509
				Toyonian	Lenian †								510 *
				Toyonian							Dyeran		511 *
				Botomian									512.5 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2										514
											Montezuman		514.8 *
				Atdabanian							Montezuman		515.6 *
				Atdabanian							Begadean		519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2		Tommotian									521
		Stage 2		Nemakit-Daldynian									525.5
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1	Nemakit-Daldynian	Manykaian †								529
															538.8