PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
P. L. Gibbard, M. J. Head, and M. J. C. Walker. 2010. Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science 25(2):96-102 view
A. G. Sennikov and V. K. Golubev. 2006. Vyazniki Biotic Assemblage of the Terminal Permian. Paleontological Journal 40(suppl. 4):S475-S481 view
A. D. Barnosky, M. Holmes, R. Kirchholtes, E. Lindsey, K.C. Maguire, A.W. Poust, M.A. Stegner, J. Sunseri, B. Swartz, J. Swift, N.A. Villavicencio and G. Wogan. 2014. Prelude to the Anthropocene: Two new North American Land Mammal Ages (NALMAs). The Anthropocene Review I(3):225-242 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126973 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Mesozoic Subages		Cambrian of North America		Obsolete Names for ICS Units			Cenozoic Subepochs of Southern Europe	North American Land Mammal Ages
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6									Saintaugustinean	0
		Meghalayan										Santarosean	0.0004
		Northgrippian											0.0042
		Greenlandian											0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene									Tarantian		0.0117
		Late Pleistocene									Tarantian	Rancholabrean	0.014
		Chibanian									Ionian	Rancholabrean	0.129
		Chibanian									Ionian	Irvingtonian	0.21
		Calabrian										Irvingtonian	0.774
		Calabrian										Blancan	1.4
		Gelasian											1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian						Tertiary †					2.58
		Zanclean											3.6
		Zanclean										Hemphillian	4.7
	Miocene	Messinian											5.333
		Tortonian											7.246
		Tortonian										Clarendonian	9.4
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5									Clarendonian	11.63
		Serravallian										Barstovian	12.5
		Langhian											13.82
		Burdigalian											15.98
												Hemingfordian	16.3
												Arikareean	18.5
		Aquitanian											20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4										23.03
		Rupelian											27.82
												Whitneyan	29.5
												Orellan	31.8
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3									Chadronian	33.9
		Priabonian										Duchesnean	37
		Bartonian										Duchesnean	37.71
		Bartonian										Uintan	39.7
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2									Uintan	41.2
		Lutetian										Bridgerian	46.2
		Ypresian										Bridgerian	47.8
												Wasatchian	50.5
												Clarkforkian	54.9
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1									Clarkforkian	56
		Thanetian										Tiffanian	56.2
		Selandian										Tiffanian	59.2
		Selandian										Torrejonian	60.9
		Danian										Torrejonian	61.6
		Danian										Puercan	63.8
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian									66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian									72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian									83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian									86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian									89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian									93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4	Late Albian									100.5
				Middle Albian									106.2 *
				Early Albian									109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian									113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Early Aptian									119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian									121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian									125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian									132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian									139.8
				Middle Berriasian									140.6 *
				Early Berriasian									142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian								146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian									149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian									152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian	157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian		161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian		165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian		Parkinsoni/Garantiana/Subfurcatum/Sauzei/Laeviuscula/Discites	168.2
				Late Bajocian			Humphresianum		168.4
				Early Bajocian			Humphresianum		168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian		Concavum/Murchisonae/Opalinum			170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian		Levesquei/Variabilis/Bifrons	Thouarsense		174.7
				Late Toarcian					180.1
				Middle Toarcian					180.4 *
				Middle Toarcian		Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			182
				Early Toarcian		Serpentinum/Falciferum/Tenuicostatum			182.9 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian		Spinatum/Margaritatus/Davoei/Ibex/Jamesoni			184.2
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian		Raricostatum/Oxynotum/Obtusum/Turneri/Semicostatum/Bucklandi			192.9
		Hettangian	Jurassic 1	Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Angulata/Liasicus/Planorbis			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4						201.4
		Norian		Sevatian					208.5
				Alaunian					213.2 *
				Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian					227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian					237
		Ladinian		Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian					242
				Pelsonian					243.8 *
				Bithynian					244.7 *
				Aegean					245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian					Vokhmian	247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian						248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian						251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian						251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4							251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian							Longtanian †	Late Vyatkian/Early Vyatkian	254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								Late Severodvinian/Early Severodvinian	259.51
		Wordian								Late Urzhumian/Early Urzhumian	264.28
		Roadian	Permian 3							Late Kazanian/Early Kazanian	266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2								273.01
		Artinskian									283.5
		Sakmarian									290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1								293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5								298.9
		Kasimovian	Carboniferous 5								303.7
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4					307
		Bashkirian	Carboniferous 4					315.2
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3					323.2
		Visean	Carboniferous 2					330.9
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1					346.7
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5					358.9
	Late Devonian	Frasnian	Devonian 4					372.2
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3					382.7
	Middle Devonian	Eifelian	Devonian 3					387.7
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2					393.3
		Pragian	Devonian 1					407.6
		Lochkovian	Devonian 1					410.8
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2					419.2
	Ludlow	Ludfordian						423
	Ludlow	Gorstian						425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian						427.4
	Wenlock	Sheinwoodian						430.5
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1					433.4
		Aeronian						438.5
		Rhuddanian						440.8
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5					Bolindian			443.8
		Katian						Bolindian			445.2
								Eastonian			449 *
					Gisbornian			452 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4		Gisbornian			453
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3		Darriwilian			458.4
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2		Yapeenian			467.3
		Dapingian			Castlemainian			468.5 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian			Chewtonian			470
					Bendigonian			471.8 *
					Lancefieldian		473.5 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Lancefieldian		477.7
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1		Warendian		482.8 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5		Franconian †/Dresbachian/Millardan			485.4
		Stage 10						Sunwaptan			487.5
		Jiangshanian						Sunwaptan			489.5
		Jiangshanian						Steptoean			493 *
		Paibian				494		Steptoean
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4		Marjumian	Albertian †		Series 3 †			497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4		Marjumian						500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3		Topazan				Stage 5 †		504.5
		Wuliuan			Delamaran				Stage 5 †		506.5
	Series 2	Stage 4			Delamaran	Waucoban †					509
		Stage 4			Dyeran						511 *
		Stage 3	Cambrian 2		Dyeran						514
					Montezuman						514.8 *
					Begadean						519.9 *
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2									521
	Terreneuvian	Fortunian	Cambrian 1								529
													538.8