PBDB Timescale

International Chronostratigraphic Timescale

The interval definitions in this timescale are derived from the following sources:

K. M. Cohen, S.C. Finney, P.L. Gibbard and J.-X. Fan. 2023. The ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart v2023/09. view
F. M. Gradstein, F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. Van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang. 1995. A Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous time scale. SEPM Special Publication 54 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, M. D. Schmitz and G. M. Ogg. 2020. Geologic Time Scale 2020 view
J. Palfy, P. L. Smith, and J. K. Mortensen. 2000. A U-Pb and 40Ar/39Ar time scale for the Jurassic. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37(6):923-944 view
F. M. Gradstein, J. G. Ogg, and A. G. Smith. 2004. A Geologic Time Scale 2004 1-589 view
M. Kretzoi. 1942. Necroteuthis n. g. (Ceph. Dibr., Necroteuthidae N. F.) aus dem Oligozän von Budapest und das system der Dibranchiata. Földtani Közlöny 72:125-238 view
W. B. Harland, R. L. Armstrong, A. V. Cox, L. E. Craig, A. G. Smith and D. G. Smith. 1990. A Geologic Time Scale 1989. view
J. Meng and M. C. McKenna. 1998. Faunal turnovers of Paleogene mammals from the Mongolian Plateau. Nature 394:364-367 view

There are 59 timescales which overlap this one. show

Interval boundaries marked with * have been interpolated based on the differences between the ages for international timescale boundaries quoted in the source and the currently accepted ages for those boundaries.

Interval names marked with † are no longer in current use.

This timescale is used in the definition of 126762 collections

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International Chronostratigraphic Timescale			Ten Million Year Bins	Mesozoic Subages		Carbo-Permian of the Russian Platform	Cambrian of China		Devonian Subages	Ammonite Chrons of North America				Paleogene Mammal Ages of Asia
Quaternary	Holocene	Meghalayan	Cenozoic 6													0
		Northgrippian														0.0042
		Greenlandian														0.0082
	Pleistocene	Late Pleistocene														0.0117
		Chibanian														0.129
		Calabrian														0.774
		Gelasian														1.8
Neogene	Pliocene	Piacenzian														2.58
	Pliocene	Zanclean														3.6
	Miocene	Messinian														5.333
		Tortonian														7.246
		Serravallian	Cenozoic 5													11.63
		Langhian														13.82
		Burdigalian														15.98
		Aquitanian														20.44
Paleogene	Oligocene	Chattian	Cenozoic 4											Tabenbulakian	Hsandagolian	23.03
	Oligocene	Rupelian	Cenozoic 4											Kekeamuan	Hsandagolian	27.82
	Eocene	Priabonian	Cenozoic 3											Houldjinian/Ergilian/Ulangochuian		33.9
		Bartonian	Cenozoic 3											Sharamurunian/Irdinmanhan/Arshantan		37.71
		Lutetian	Cenozoic 2													41.2
		Ypresian	Cenozoic 2												Bumbanian	47.8
	Paleocene	Thanetian	Cenozoic 1											Gashatan		56
		Selandian														59.2
		Danian														61.6
Cretaceous	Late Cretaceous	Maastrichtian	Cretaceous 8	Late Maastrichtian/Early Maastrichtian												66
		Campanian	Cretaceous 7	Late Campanian/Middle Campanian/Early Campanian												72.1
		Santonian	Cretaceous 6	Late Santonian/Middle Santonian/Early Santonian												83.6
		Coniacian		Late Coniacian/Middle Coniacian/Early Coniacian												86.3
		Turonian		Late Turonian/Middle Turonian/Early Turonian												89.8
		Cenomanian	Cretaceous 5	Late Cenomanian/Middle Cenomanian/Early Cenomanian												93.9
	Early Cretaceous	Albian	Cretaceous 4	Late Albian												100.5
				Middle Albian												106.2 *
				Early Albian												109.9 *
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Late Aptian												113
		Aptian	Cretaceous 3	Early Aptian												119.5 *
		Barremian	Cretaceous 2	Late Barremian/Early Barremian												121.4
		Hauterivian	Cretaceous 2	Late Hauterivian/Early Hauterivian												125.77
		Valanginian	Cretaceous 1	Late Valanginian/Early Valanginian												132.6
		Berriasian		Late Berriasian												139.8
				Middle Berriasian												140.6 *
				Early Berriasian												142.7 *
Jurassic	Late Jurassic	Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Late Tithonian	Middle Tithonian											145
		Tithonian	Jurassic 6	Early Tithonian	Middle Tithonian											146.3 *
		Kimmeridgian	Jurassic 5	Late Kimmeridgian												149.2
		Kimmeridgian		Early Kimmeridgian												152.2 *
		Oxfordian		Late Oxfordian	Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian											154.8
		Oxfordian			Middle Oxfordian/Early Oxfordian											157.9 *
	Middle Jurassic	Callovian		Late Callovian/Middle Callovian/Early Callovian												161.5
		Bathonian	Jurassic 4	Late Bathonian/Middle Bathonian/Early Bathonian												165.3
		Bajocian		Late Bajocian						Epizigzagiceras						168.2
				Late Bajocian						Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense						168.4
				Early Bajocian						Rotundum/Oblatum/Kirschneri/Crassicostatus/Widebayense						168.6 *
		Aalenian	Jurassic 3	Late Aalenian/Middle Aalenian/Early Aalenian						Howelli/Scissum/Westermanni						170.9
	Early Jurassic	Toarcian		Late Toarcian						Yakounensis/Hillebrandti/Crassicosta						174.7
										Planulata						179.3 *
												Arnioceras arnouldi				179.8 *
				Middle Toarcian												180.4 *
										Kanense						181.3 *
										Carlottense						182.3 *
				Early Toarcian						Carlottense						182.9 *
				Early Toarcian						Kunae						183.5 *
		Pliensbachian	Jurassic 2	Late Pliensbachian/Early Pliensbachian						Kunae						184.2
										Freboldi						185.1 *
										Whiteavesi/Imlayi	Tetraspidoceras					186.2 *
							189.2 *				Tetraspidoceras
						Plesechioceras harbledownense/Asteroceras varians/Coroniceras	Canadensis	190.3 *
		Sinemurian	Jurassic 1	Late Sinemurian/Early Sinemurian				192.9
						Pseudaetomoceras		Psiloceras	196.4 *
						Franziceras/Euphyllites			196.5 *
		Hettangian		Late Hettangian/Middle Hettangian/Early Hettangian		Franziceras/Euphyllites			199.5
Triassic	Late Triassic	Rhaetian	Triassic 4						201.4
		Norian		Sevatian					208.5
				Alaunian					213.2 *
				Lacian					216.7 *
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Tuvalian					227
		Carnian	Triassic 3	Julian					233.4 *
	Middle Triassic	Ladinian	Triassic 2	Longobardian					237
		Ladinian		Fassanian					239.7 *
		Anisian		Illyrian					242
				Pelsonian					243.8 *
				Bithynian					244.7 *
				Aegean					245.5 *
	Early Triassic	Olenekian	Triassic 1	Spathian					247.2
		Olenekian		Smithian					248.9 *
		Induan		Dienerian					251.2
		Induan		Griesbachian					251.4 *
Permian	Lopingian	Changhsingian	Permian 4						Melekhovian	251.902
	Lopingian	Wuchiapingian								254.14
	Guadalupian	Capitanian								259.51
		Wordian								264.28
		Wordian							Noginskian	264.9 *
		Roadian	Permian 3							266.9
	Cisuralian	Kungurian	Permian 2							273.01
		Kungurian							Pavlovoposadian	276.8 *
		Artinskian							Pavlovoposadian	283.5
		Artinskian							Rusavkinian	287.6 *
		Sakmarian								290.1
		Asselian	Permian 1							293.52
Carboniferous	Pennsylvanian	Gzhelian	Carboniferous 5							Mapingian †	298.9
		Kasimovian							Dorogomilovian		303.7
									Khamovnikian		304.8
									Krevyakinian		305.8 *
									Krevyakinian		305.9
		Moscovian	Carboniferous 4						Myachkovian		307
									Podolskian		308.9 *
									Kashirian		311.4 *
									Vereian		313.8
									Melekessian		314.8
		Bashkirian							Melekessian		315.2
									Cheremshanian		316.9 *
									Prikamian		318.6 *
					Severokeltmian				319.9 *
					Krasnopolyanian				321.2 *
					Voznesenian				321.9 *
	Mississippian	Serpukhovian	Carboniferous 3		Zapaltjubian				323.2
					Protvian				324.4 *
					Steshevian				326.8 *
					Tarusian				329 *
		Visean	Carboniferous 2		Venevian				330.9
					Mikhailovian				331.9 *
					Aleksinian				333.7 *
					Tulian				335.8 *
					Bobrikian				339.9 *
					Radaevkian				343.4 *
		Tournaisian	Carboniferous 1		Kosvian				346.7
					Kizelian				350.7 *
					Cherepetian				351.9 *
					Karakubian				354.4 *
					Upinian				356.3 *
					Malevkian				357.6 *
					Gumerovian				358 *
Devonian	Late Devonian	Famennian	Devonian 5						Late Famennian		358.9
							Middle Famennian		365.3 *
							Early Famennian		368.5 *
		Frasnian	Devonian 4			Late Frasnian	372.2
						Middle Frasnian	375.4 *
						Early Frasnian	379.3 *
	Middle Devonian	Givetian	Devonian 3			Late Givetian	382.7
						Middle Givetian	383.7 *
						Early Givetian	385.9 *
		Eifelian				Late Eifelian	387.7
		Eifelian				Early Eifelian	390.3 *
	Early Devonian	Emsian	Devonian 2			Late Emsian	393.3
		Emsian	Devonian 2			Early Emsian	398.3 *
		Pragian	Devonian 1			Pragian	407.6
		Lochkovian				Late Lochkovian	410.8
						Middle Lochkovian	412.8 *
						Early Lochkovian	415.6 *
Silurian	Pridoli		Silurian 2				Ohesaare	419.2
	Pridoli						Kaugetuma	421.7 *
	Ludlow	Ludfordian		Kuressaare			423
		Ludfordian		Paadla			423.4 *
		Gorstian		Paadla			425.6
	Wenlock	Homerian		Rootsikula			427.4
		Homerian		Jaagarahu			429.2 *
		Sheinwoodian		Jaagarahu			430.5
		Sheinwoodian		Jaani			431.8 *
	Llandovery	Telychian	Silurian 1	Jaani			433.4
		Telychian		Adavere			434 *
		Aeronian		Adavere			438.5
		Aeronian		Raikkula			439.4 *
		Rhuddanian		Raikkula			440.8
		Rhuddanian		Juuru			441.4 *
Ordovician	Late Ordovician	Hirnantian	Ordovician 5	Cincinnatian			Gamachian		443.8
		Katian					Gamachian		445.2
							Richmondian		446 *
							Maysvillian		Rocklandian †/Shermanian/Ashbyan/Kirkfieldian/Blackriveran/Wildernessian/Trentonian/Franklinian	449.8 *
							Edenian			450.4 *
				Mohawkian			Chatfieldian			451.1 *
		Sandbian	Ordovician 4				Chatfieldian			453
							Turinian			453.7 *
				Whiterockian					Canadian †	Chazyan †/Marmor	457 *
	Middle Ordovician	Darriwilian	Ordovician 3								458.4
		Dapingian	Ordovician 2								467.3
		Dapingian					Rangerian				469.1 *
	Early Ordovician	Floian		Ibexian			Blackhillsian			Jeffersonian †	Cassinian †	470
		Floian					Tulean					473.9 *
		Tremadocian	Ordovician 1				Tulean					477.7
							Stairsian					480.3 *
							Skullrockian				Demingian †	482 *
Cambrian	Furongian	Stage 10	Cambrian 5				Skullrockian		Niuchehean	Taoyuanian †			485.4
		Stage 10							Niuchehean				487.5
		Jiangshanian							Jiangshanian				489.5
		Paibian							Paibian				494
		Paibian							Paibian	Waergangian †/Youshuanian			494.9 *
	Miaolingian	Guzhangian	Cambrian 4						Guzhangian	Wangcunian †			497
		Drumian	Cambrian 4						Drumian	Wangcunian †			500.5
		Wuliuan	Cambrian 3						Wuliuan/Taijangian				504.5
	Series 2	Stage 4	Cambrian 3						Duyunian				509
	Series 2	Stage 3	Cambrian 2						Nangaoian				514
	Terreneuvian	Stage 2	Cambrian 2						Meishucunian				521
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1						Meishucunian				529
		Fortunian	Cambrian 1						Jinnigian				530.7
																538.8